tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38735897740045018082024-03-12T16:19:03.705-07:00Joko Yuliantosastra, seni, pendidikan & sampai sharing pengalaman...!!!joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.comBlogger43125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-10356298365707986662015-03-11T20:17:00.000-07:002015-03-11T20:17:53.568-07:00SEJARAH BAHASA INDONESIA<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MAKALAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SEJARAH BAHASA INDONESIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disusun
oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ulfa
Hardianti (01314060)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kholipah
Putri (01314034)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiskadilla
W.S. (01314058)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Puji
Eka Halimah (01314049)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 177.2pt 269.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas : A (Semester 3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengampu : Joko Yulianto, M. Pd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mata Kuliah : Bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SEKOLAH
TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN INSAN CENDEKIA HUSADA BOJONEGORO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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i<span
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA
PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Puji syukur kami
panjatakan kepada Allah SWT, yang telah memberikan rahmat dan karunianya
sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan makalah yang berisikan tentang “Sejarah
Bahasa Indonesia” tepat pada waktunya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sholawat dan
salam kami haturkan kepada baginda Rasulullah Muhammad SAW, yang telah membawa
kita dari zaman jahiliyah menuju zaman
ilmu pengetahuan yang menjadikan manusia cerdas dan berwawasan luas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami menyadari
bahwa makalah ini masih banyak kekurangan karena keterbatasan ilmu yang kami
miliki. Namun berkat usaha dan bantuan dari beberapa pihak, makalah ini dapat
terselesaikan meski masih banyak terdapat kekurangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ucapan terima
kasih kami kepada dosen pembimbing Joko Yulianto, M.pd. yang telah memberikan
motivasi dan dorongan sehingga makalah ini dapat terselesaikan dengan baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harapan kami adalah semoga kritik
dan saran dari pembaca tetap tersalurkan kepada kami dan semoga makalah ini
bermanfaat. Amin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bojonegoro, 28 September
2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Penyusun
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Halaman
Sampul………………………………………………………………………… i<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata
Dengantar…………………………………………………………………………… ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Isi…………………………………………………………………………………. iii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I PENDAHULUAN……………………………………………………………….. 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 35.45pt 425.25pt 451.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang……………………………………………………………….. 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 35.45pt 425.25pt 451.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
Masalah……………………………………………………………. 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 35.45pt 425.25pt 451.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan………………………………………………………………………… 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 35.45pt 425.25pt 451.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat……………………………………………………………………….. 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II PEMBAHASAN………………………………………………………………… 2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
dan sejaraha bahasa Indonesia…………………………………… 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 35.45pt 425.25pt 451.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedudukan
bahasa Indonesia………………………………………………… 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 35.45pt 425.25pt 451.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran
dan fungsi bahasa Indonesia…………………………………………… 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peta
Konsep………………………………………………………………….. 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III PENUTUP……………………………………………………………………… 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan…………………………………………………………………… 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran…………………………………………………………………………. 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Pustaka………………………………………………………………………….... 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 304.8pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 304.8pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa merupakan alat komunikasi
yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Demikian juga, Bahasa
Indonesia menjadi sarana budaya dan sarana berpikir masyarakat Indonesia. Oleh
karena itu, peranan Bahasa Indonesia menjadi sangat penting. Mengingat
pentingnya bahasa Indonesia, kami sebagai mahasiswa dituntut untuk lebih
memahami bahasa Indonesia dengan baik dan benar. yang salah satunya adalah
dengan mengetahui sejarah bahasa
Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk itulah materi ini sangat penting untuk dipelajari,
karena sangat disayangkan jika sebagai pemakai bahasa Indonesia tidak
mengetahui tentang sejarah bahasa Indonesia. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui perjalanan
sejarah yang panjang, bahasa Indonesia telah mencapai perkembangan yang luar biasa, baik dari segi jumlah pemakainya, maupun dari segi tata bahasa dan kosa kata serta maknanya. Sekarang Bahasa Indonesia telah menjadi bahasa modern yang digunakan dan dipelajari tidak hanya di seluruh Indonesia tetapi juga di banyak negara. Bahkan keberhasilan bangsa Indonesia dalam mengajarkan Bahasa Indonesia kepada generasi muda dicatat sebagai prestasi dari segi peningkatan komunikasi antara warga Negara Indonesia. Mahasiswa peserta kuliah perlu disadarkan akan kenyataan ini dan ditimbulkan kebanggaannya terhadap bahasa Nasional kita. Mahasiswa yang berkepribadian baik adalah mahasiswa yang menghargai sejarah perkembangan Bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
pengertian dan sejarah Bahasa Indonesia ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
kedudukan Bahasa Indonesia ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
peran dan fungsi Bahasa Indonesia ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
menjelaskan apa pengertian dan sejarah Bahasa Indonesia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
mengetahui kedudukan Bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
menjelaskan tentang peran dan fungsi Bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MANFAAT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan
informasi tentang bagaimana sejarah lahirnya Bahasa Indonesia.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:roundrect
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1<span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
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</tr>
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</v:roundrect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 607px; margin-top: 67px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 3;"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: 1" height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/windows8/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="AutoShape_x0020_5" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menanamkan
rasa kebangsaan dengan mengenalkan sejarah perkembangan Bahasa Indonesia.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian dan Sejarah Bahasa
Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa
Indonesia berasal dari bahasa melayu termasuk rumpun bahasa Austronesia yang
telah di gunakan sebagai lingua franca di nusantara sejak abad-abad awal
penanggalan modern, paling tidak dalam bentuk informalnya. Bentuk bahasa
sehari-hari ini sering di namai dengan istilah Melayu pasar. Jenis ini sangat
lentur sebab sangat mudah di mengerti dan ekspresif, dengan toleransi kesalahan
sangat besar dan mudah menyerap istilah-istilah lain dari berbagai bahasa yang
di gunakan para penggunanya. Selain Melayu pasar terdapat pula istilah Melayu
tinggi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada masa lalu bahasa Melayu tinggi
digunakan kalangan keluarga kerajaan di sekitar Sumatra, Malaya, dan Jawa.
Bentuk bahasa ini lebih sulit karena penggunaannya sangat halus, penuh sindiran,
dan tidak seekspresif bahasa melayu pasar. Pemerintah kolonial Belanda yang
menganggap kelenturan melayu pasar mengancam keberadaan bahasa dan budaya. Belanda
berusaha meredamnya dengan mempromosikan bahasa Melayu tinggi, di antaranya
dengan penerbitan karya sastra dalam bahasa melayu tinggi oleh balai pustaka.
Tetapi bahasa melayu pasar sudah terlanjur di ambil oleh banyak pedagang yang
melewati Indonesia. Penamaan istilah “bahasa Melayu” telah di lakukan pada masa
sekitar 683- 686 M. Yaitu angka tahun yang tercantum pada beberapa prasasti
berbahasa Melayu kuno dari Palembang dan Bangka. Prasasti-prasati ini di tulis
dengan aksara Pallawa atas perintah raja Kerajaan Sriwijaya, kerajaan Maritim
yang berjaya pada abad ke-7 dan ke-8. Wangsa Sailendra juga meninggalkan
beberapa prasasti Melayu kuno di Jawa Tengah. Keping Tembaga Laguna yang di
temukan di dekat Manila juga menunjukkan keterkaitan wilayah itu dengan
Sriwijaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
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2<span
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</v:roundrect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; margin-left: 597px; margin-top: 278px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 4;"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: 2" height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/windows8/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="AutoShape_x0020_6" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Awal penamaan bahasa Indonesia sebagai jati
diri bangsa bermula dari Sumpah Pemuda pada tanggal 28 oktober 1928. Di sana,
pada Kongres Nasional Kedua di Jakarta, di canangkanlah penggunaan bahasa
Indonesia sebagai bahasa untuk negera Indonesia pasca-kemerdekaan. Soekarno
tidak memilih bahasanya sendiri, Jawa (yang sebenarnya juga bahasa mayoritas
pada saat itu), namun beliau memilih bahasa Indonesia yang beliau dasarkan dari
bahasa Melayu yang di tuturkan di Riau. Bahasa Melayu Riau di pilih sebagai bahasa
persatuan negara Republik Indonesia atas beberapa pertimbangan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Jika bahasa Jawa di gunakan, suku-suku bangsa atau puak lain di Republik
Indonesia akan merasa dijajah oleh suku Jawa yang merupakan puak (golongan) mayoritas
di Republik Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Bahasa Jawa jauh lebih sukar di pelajari di
bandingkan dengan bahasa Melayu Riau. Ada tingkatan bahasa halus, biasa, dan
kasar yang digunakan untuk orang yang berbeda dari segi usia, derajat, ataupun pangkat.
Bila pengguna kurang memahami budaya Jawa, ia dapat menimbulkan kesan negatif
yang lebih besar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Bahasa Melayu Riau yang di pilih, dan bukan
bahasa Melayu Pontianak, Banjarmasin, Samarinda, Maluku, Jakarta (Betawi),
ataupun Kutai, dengan pertimbangan: Pertama, suku Melayu berasal dari Riau,
Sultan Malaka yang terakhir pun lari ke Riau selepas malaka direbut oleh Portugis.
Kedua, sebagai lingua franca, bahasa Melayu Riau yang paling sedikit terkena
pengaruh misalnya dari bahasa Tionghoa Hokkien, Tio Ciu, Ke, ataupun dari
bahasa lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Pengguna bahasa Melayu bukan hanya terbatas di
Republik Indonesia. Pada 1945, pengguna bahasa Melayu selain Republik Indonesia
yaitu Malaysia, Brunei, dan Singapura. Pada saat itu, dengan menggunakan bahasa
Melayu sebagai bahasa persatuan, diharapkan di negara-negara kawasan seperti
Malaysia, Brunei, dan Singapura biasa di tumbuhkan semangat patriotic dan
nasionalisme negara-negara jiran di Asia Tenggara. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dengan memilih
bahas Melayu Riau, para pejuang kemerdekaan bersatu seperti pada masa Islam
berkembang di Indonesia, namun kali ini dengan tujuan persatuan dan kebangsaan.
Bahasa Indonesia yang telah dipilih ini kemudian distandarnisasi (dibakukan) lagi
dengan nahwu (tata bahasa), dan kamus baku juga diciptakan. Hal ini telah
dilakukan pada zaman penjajahan Jepang. Keputusan Kongres Bahasa Indonesia II
1954 di Medan, antara lain menyatakan bahwa bahasa Indonesia berasal dari
bahasa Melayu. Bahasa Indonesia tumbuh dan berkembang dari bahasa Melayu yang
sejak zaman dahulu sudah digunakan sebagai bahasa perhubungan yang lingua
franca bukan hanya di Kepulauan Nusantara, melainkan juga hampir di seluruh
Asia Tenggara. Bahasa Melayu mulai diapakai di kawasan Asia Tenggara sejak Abad
ke-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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3<span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</v:roundrect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; margin-left: 603px; margin-top: 139px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 6;"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: 3" height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/windows8/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="AutoShape_x0020_8" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Bukti yang menyatakan itu ialah dengan ditemukannya
prasasti di Kedukan Bukit, berangka 683 M. (Palembang); Talang Tuwo, berangka
684 M. (Palembang); Kota Kapur, berangka 686 M. (Bangka Barat); dan Karang
Brahi, berangka 688 M. (Jambi). Prasasti itu bertuliskan huruf Pranagari
berbahasa Melayu kuno. Bahasa Melayu kuno itu tidak hanya dipakai pada zaman
Sriwijaya karena di Jawa Tengah (Gandasuli) juga ditemukan prasasti berangka
tahun 832 M. dan di Bogor ditemukan prasasti berangka tahun 942 M. yang juga
menggunakan bahasa Melayu Kuno.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -14.15pt;">Pada zaman
Sriwijaya, bahasa Melayu dipakai sebagai bahasa kebudayaan, yaitu bahasa buku
pelajaran agama Buddha. Bahasa Melayu juga dipakai sebagai bahasa perhubungan
antarsuku di Nusantara dan sebagai bahasa perdagangan, baik sebagai bahasa antarsuku
di Nusantara maupun sebagai bahasa yang digunakan terhadap para pedagang yang datang
di luar Nusantara. Informasi dari seorang ahli sejarah Cina, I-Tsing, yang
belajar agama Buddha, Sriwijaya antara lain, menyataka bahwa di Sriwijaya ada
bahasa yang bernama Koen-luen (I-Tsing, 63: 159), Kou-luen (I-Tsing, 183),
Koen-luen (Ferrand, 1919), Kw’enlun (Alisjahbana, 1971: 1089), Kun’lun
(Parnikel, 1977:91), Kun ‘lun (Prentice, 1078:190,) yang berdampingan denga
sangsakerta yang dimaksud Koen-luen adalah bahasa perhubungan (lingua franca)
di kepulauna Nusantara, yaitu bahasa Melayu. Perkembangan dan pertumbuhan
bahasa Melayu tampak makin jelas dari peniggalan kerajaan Islam, baik yang
berupa batu tertulis seperti tulisan pada batu nisan di Minye Tujoh, Aceh,
berangka 1380 M. Maupun hasil susastra (abad ke- 16 dan ke-17), seperti Syair
Hamzah Fansuri, Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai, Sejarah Melayu, Tajussalatin, dan
Bustanussalatin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Bahasa Melayu
menyebar kepelosok Nusantara bersamaan dengan<br />
menyebarnya agama Islam di wilayah Nusantara. Bahasa Melayu mudah diterima oleh
masyarakat Nusantara sebagai bahasa perhubungan antarpulau, antarsuku, antarpedagang,
antarbangsa, dan antarkerajaan karena bahasa Melayu tidak mengenal tingkat
tutur. Bahasa Melayu dipakai dimana-mana di wilayah Nusantara serta makin berkembang
dan bertambah kukuh keberadaannya. Bahasa Melayu yang dipakai di daerah di
wilayah Nusantara dalam pertumbuhannya dipengaruhi oleh corak budaya daerah.
Bahasa melayu menyerap kosa kata dari berbagai bahasa, terutama dari bahasa
Sangsakerta, Persia, Arab, dan bahasa-bahasa Eropa. Bahasa Melayu pun dalam perkembangannya
muncul dalam berbagai fariasi dan dialeg.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<![if !mso]>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
4<span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
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</v:roundrect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 610px; margin-top: 165px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 5;"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: 4" height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/windows8/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="AutoShape_x0020_7" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Perkembangan bahasa
Melayu di wilayah Nusantara memengaruhi dan mendorong tumbuhnya rasa
persaudaraan dan persatuan Bangsa Indonesia. Komunikasi antar perkumpulan yang
bangkit pada masa itu menggunakan bahasa Melayu. Pemuda Indonesia yang
tergabung dalam perkumpulan pergerakan secara sadara mengangkat bahasa Melayu menjadi
Bahasa Indonesia, yang menjadi bahas persatuan untuk seluruh bangsa Indonesia.
(Sumpah Pemuda, 28 Oktober 1928). Peristiwa-peristiwa penting berkaitan dengan
perkembangan bahasa Indonesia diantranya: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada 1901, disusunlah ejaan resmi bahasa
Melayu oleh Ch.A. Van Ophuijsen dan dimuat dalam kitab logat Melayu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada 1908, pemerintah mendirikan sebuah
badan penerbit buku-buku bacaan yang diberi nama Commissie Voor de Volkslectuur
(Taman bacaan rakyat) yang kemudian pada 1917 ia diubah menjadi balai pustaka.
Balai itu menerbitkan buku-buku novel seperti Siti Nurbaya dan Salah Asuhan,
buku-buku penuntun bercocok tanam, penuntun<br />
memelihara kesehatan, yang tidak sedikit membantu penyebaran bahasa Melayu di
kalangan masyarakat luas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada
28 Oktober 1928 merupakan saat-saat yang paling menentuka dalam perkembangan
bahasa Indonesia karena pada tanggal itulah para pemuda pilihan memancangkan
tonggak yang kukuhuntuk perjalanan bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada 1933, Secara resmi berdirilah
sebuah angkatan sastrawan muda yang menamakan dirinya sebagai Pujangga Baru
yang dipinpim oleh Sultan Takdir Alisyabanah dan kawan-kawan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tarikh 25-28 Juni 1938, dilangsungkanlah
kongres bahasa Indonesia di Solo. Dari hasil kongres itu dapat disimpulkan
bahwa usaha pembinaan dan pengembangan bahasa Indonesia telah dilakukan secara
sadar oleh Cendikiawan dan budayawan Indonesia saat itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1945 ditanda tanganilah Undang Undang
Dasar RI 1945, yang salah satu pasalnya (pasal 36) menetapkan bahasa Indonesia
sebagai bahasa<br />
Negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada 19 Maret 1947, diresmikan penggunaan
ejaan Republik (Ejaan Soewandi) sebagai pengganti ejaan Van Ophuijsen yang
berlaku sebelumnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kongres bahasa Indonesia II de Medan
pada Tarikh 28 Oktober – 22 November 1954 juga salah satu perwujudan tekad
bangsa Indonesia untuk terus menerus menyempurnakan bahasa Indonesia yang
diangkat sebagai bahasa Kebangsaan dan ditetapkan sebagai bahasa Negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
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<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
5<span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
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<![endif]></v:textbox>
</v:roundrect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; margin-left: 600px; margin-top: 73px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 7;"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: 5" height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/windows8/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="AutoShape_x0020_9" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
tanggal 16 Agustus 1972, H.M. Soeharto, Presiden Republik Indonesia, meresmikan
penggunaan Ejaan Bahasa Indonesi Yang Disempurnakan (EYD) melalui pidato
kenegaraan di hadapan siding DPR yang dikuatkan pula dengan Keputusan Presiden
No. 57 Tahun 1972.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada 31 Agustus 1972, Menteri Pendidikan
dan Kebudayaaan menetapkan Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia Yang Disempurnakan
dan Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah resmi berlaku di seluruh wilayah Indonesia
(Wawasan Nusantara).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kongres Bahasa Indonesia III yang diselenggarakan
di Jakarta pada 28 Oktober-2 November 1978 merupakan peristiwa penting bagi kehidupan
bangsa Indonesia. Kongres yang diadakan dalam rangka memperingati Sumpah Pemuda
yang ke-50 ini selain memperlihatkan kemajuan, pertumbuhan, dan perkembangan
bahasa Indonesia sejak 1928, juga berusaha memantapkan kedudukan dan fungsi
bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kongres Bahasa Indonesia IV diselenggarakan
di Jakarta pada tarikh 21 Oktober – 2 November 1983. Ia di selenggarakan dalam
rangka memperingati hari Sumpah Pemuda yang ke-55. Dalam rangka putusannya
disebutkan bahwa pembinaan dan pengembangan bahasa Indonesia harus lebih
ditingkatkan sehingga amanat yang tercantum di dalam Garis-Garis Besar Haluan
Negara, yang mewajibkan kepada semua warga Indonesia untuk menggunakan bahasa
Indonesia yang baik dan benar, dapat tercapai semaksimal mungkin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kongres Bahasa Indonesia V diselenggarakan
di Jakarta pada tarikh 28 Oktober – 3 November 1988. Ia dihadiri oleh kira-kira
700 pakar bahasa Indonesia dari seluruh Nusantara (sebutan bagi Negara Indonesia)
dan peserta tamu dari negara sahabat seperti Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia,
Singapura, Belanda, Jerman, dan Australia. Kongres itu ditandatangani dengan
dipersembahkannya karya besar Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa kepada
pecinta bahasa di Nusantara, yakni Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia dan Tata Bahasa
Baku Bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
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<![if !mso]>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
6<span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]></v:textbox>
</v:roundrect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 605px; margin-top: 267px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 8;"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: 6" height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/windows8/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="AutoShape_x0020_10" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kongres
Bahasa Indonesia VI diselenggarakan di Jakarta pada tarikh 28 Oktober – 2 November
1993. Pesertanya sebanyak 770 pakar bahasa dari Indonesia dan 53 peserta tamu
dari manca negara meliputi Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Jerman, Hongkong,
India, Italia, Jepang, Rusia, Singapura, Korea Selatan dan Amerika Serikat. Kongres
mengusulkan agar Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa ditingkatkan statusnya
menjadi Lembaga Bahasa Indonesia, serta mengusulkan disusunnya Undang-Undang
Bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kongres Bahasa Indonesia VII diselenggarakan
di Hotel Indonesia, Jakarta pada 26 – 30 Oktober 1998. Kongres itu mengusulkandibentuknya
badan pertimbangan bahasa dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut ;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keanggotaannya terdiri dari tokoh
masyarakat dan pakar yang mempunyai kepedulian terhadap bahasa dan sastra.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tugasnya memberikan nasihat kepada pusat
pembinaan dan perkembangan bahasa serta mengupayakan peningkatan status
kelembagaan pusat pembinaan dan pengembangan bahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">16. Kongres Bahasa Indonesia VIII diselenggarakan
di Jakarta pada 14-17 Oktober 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">17.Kongres IX Bahasa Indonesia. Kongres
ini akan membahas tiga persoalan utama :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Bahasa daerah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Penggunaan bahasa
Asing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempat Kongres di Jakarta, pada 28 Oktober-1
November 2008 di Hotel Bumi Karsa, Kompleks Bidakara, Jalan M. T. Haryono,
Jakarta Selatan. Secara umum, Kongres IX bahasa Indonesia ini bertujuan meningkatkan
peran bahasa dan sastra Indonesia dalam mewujudkan Indonesia cerdas, kompetitif
menuju Indonesia yang bermartabat, berkepribadian, dan berperadaban unggul.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedudukan Bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa Indonesia memiliki kedudukan
yang sangat penting yang tercantum didalam i</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -21.8pt;">krar ketiga Sumpah Pemuda 1928
dengan bunyi,”</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -21.8pt;"> “Kami poetera dan poeteri Indonesia mengakoe
bertoempah darah satoe, Tanah Air Indonesia. Mengakoe berbangsa satoe, Bangsa
Indonesia. Kami poetera dan poeteri Indonesia Mendjoendjoeng bahasa persatoean,
Bahasa Indonesia.” </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -21.8pt;">Undang-Undang Dasar Republik
Indonesia 1945 Bab XV (Bendera, Bahasa, dan Lambang Negara, serta Lagu
Kebangsaan) Pasal 36 menyatakan bahwa “Bahasa Negara ialah Bahasa Indonesia”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan begitu, kedudukan bahasa
Indonesia dibagi menjadi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa Nasional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div>
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7<span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
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</v:roundrect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 614px; margin-top: 134px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 9;"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: 7" height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/windows8/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="AutoShape_x0020_11" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedudukannya berada diatas
bahasa-bahasa daerah. Hasil Perumusan Seminar Politik Bahasa Nasional yang
diselenggarakan di Jakarta pada tanggal 25-28 Februari 1975 menegaskan bahwa
dalam kedudukannya sebagai bahasa Nasional, bahasa Indonesia berfungsi sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lambang kebanggaan Nasional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai lambing kebanggaan, bahasa Indonesia mencerminkan
nilai-nilai sosial budaya yang mendasari rasa kebangsaan kita. Dengan bahasa
nasionalnya, bangsa Indonesia menyatakan harga diri dan nilai-nilai budaya yang
dijadikan pegangan hidup. Atas dasar pegangan ini, bahasa Indonesia perlu kita
pelihara dan kita kembangkan pemakaiannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lambang Identitas Nasional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai lambang identitas Nasional, bahasa Indonesia
merupakan lambang bangsa Indonesia. Dengan demikian, bahasa Indonesia dapat
mengetahui identitas seseorang, yaitu sifat, tingkah laku, dan watak sebagai
bangsa Indonesia. Kita harus menjaganya, jangan sampai bahasa Indonesia tidak
menunjukkan gambaran bangsa Indonesia yang sebenarnya dan bebas dari
unsur-unsur bahasa lain, terutama bahasa asing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat pemersatu berbagai suku bangsa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai alat yang memungkinkan penyatuan berbagai suku
bangsa dengan latar belakang sosial budaya dan bahasa yang berbeda-beda ke
dalam satu kesatuan yang bulat, bahasa Indonesia memungkinkan berbagai suku
bangsa itu mencapai keserasian hidup sebagai bangsa yang bersatu dengan tidak
perlu meninggalkan identitas suku dan kesetiaan kepada nilai-nilai sosial
budaya serta latar belakang bahasa daerah yang bersangkutan. Bahkan dengan
bahasa nasional kita, kita dapat meletakkan kepentingan nasional jauh di atas
kepentingan daerah atau golongan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat penghubung antarbudaya dan
antardaerah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan bahasa Indonesia seseorang dapat saling berhubungan
satu dengan yang lain sedemikian rupa sehingga kesalahpahaman sebagai akibat
perbedaan latar belakang sosial budaya dan bahasa dapat dihindari. Bagi
pemerintah, segala kebijakan dan strategi yang berhubungan dengan ideologi,
politik, ekonomi, sosial, budaya, pertahanan, dan kemanan akan mudah
diinformasikan kepada warga. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa Negara (Bahasa Resmi Negara
Kesatuan Republik Indonesia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam Hasil Perumusan Seminar
Politik Bahasa Nasional yang diselenggarakan di Jakarta pada tanggal 25 s.d. 28
Februari 1975 dikemukakan bahwa di dalam kedudukannya sebagai bahasa negara,
bahasa Indonesia befungsi sebagai :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<![if !mso]>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
8<span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]></v:textbox>
</v:roundrect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; margin-left: 609px; margin-top: 72px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 10;"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: 8" height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/windows8/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="AutoShape_x0020_12" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa resmi kenegaraan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bukti bahwa bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa resmi kenegaraan
adalah digunakannya bahasa Indonesia dalam naskah proklamasi kemerdekaan RI
1945. Mulai saat itu bahasa Indonesia digunakan dalam segala upacara, peristiwa
serta kegiatan kenegaraan baik secara lisan maupun tulisan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa pengantar dalam dunia
pendidikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa Indonesia dipakai sebagai bahasa pengantar di
lembaga-lembaga pendidikan baik formal maupun non formal mulai dari taman
kanak-kanak sampai dengan perguruan tinggi. Untuk memperlancar kegiatan belajar
mengajar, materi pelajaran yang berbentuk media cetak hendaknya juga berbahasa
Indonesia. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan menerjemahkan buku-buku yang
berbahasa asing. Apabila hal ini dilakukan, sangat membantu peningkatan
perkembangan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa ilmu pengetahuan dan teknolologi
(iptek).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa resmi untuk kepentingan
perencanaan dan pelaksanaan pembangunan nasional serta kepentingan pemerintah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa Indonesia dipakai dalam hubungan antarbadan
pemerintah dan penyebarluasan informasi kepada masyarakat. Sehubungan dengan
itu, hendaknya diadakan penyeragaman sistem administrasi dan mutu media
komunikasi massa. Tujuan penyeragaman dan peningkatan mutu tersebut agar isi
atau pesan yang disampaikan dapat dengan cepat dan tepat diterima oleh
masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat pengembangan kebudayaan, ilmu
pengetahuan dan teknologi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam penyebarluasan ilmu dan teknologi modern agar
jangkauan pemakaiannya lebih luas, penyebaran ilmu dan teknologi, baik melalui
buku-buku pelajaran, buku-buku populer, majalah-majalah ilmiah maupun media
cetak lain, hendaknya menggunakan bahasa Indonesia. Pelaksanaan ini mempunyai
hubungan timbal-balik dengan fungsinya sebagai bahasa ilmu yang dirintis
melalui lembaga-lembaga pendidikan, khususnya di perguruan tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran
dan Fungsi Bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi bahasa dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu fungsi
bahasa secara umum dan fungsi bahasa secara khusus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi bahasa secara umum yaitu :</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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9<span
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</v:roundrect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; margin-left: 609px; margin-top: 102px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 11;"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: 9" height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/windows8/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="AutoShape_x0020_13" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai alat untuk mengungkapkan
perasaan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mampu mengungkapkan gambaran, maksud, gagasan, dan perasaan.
Melalui bahasa kita dapat menyatakan secara terbuka segala sesuatu yang
tersirat di dalam hati dan pikiran kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai alat komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komunikasi merupakan akibat yang lebih jauh dari ekspresi
diri. Pada saat menggunakan bahasa sebagai komunikasi,berarti memiliki tujuan
agar para pembaca atau pendengar menjadi sasaran utama perhatian seseorang.
Bahasa yang dikatakan komunikatif karena bersifat umum. Selaku makhluk sosial
yang memerlukan orang lain sebagai mitra berkomunikasi, manusia memakai dua
cara berkomunikasi, yaitu verbal dan non verbal. Berkomunikasi secara verbal
dilakukan menggunakan alat/media bahsa (lisan dan tulis), sedangkan
berkomunikasi cesara non verbal dilakukan menggunakan media berupa aneka
symbol, isyarat, kode, dan bunyi seperti tanda lalu lintas,sirene setelah itu
diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai alat berinteraksi dan
beradaptasi social<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada saat beradaptasi dilingkungan sosial, seseorang akan
memilih bahasa yang digunakan tergantung situasi dan kondisi yang dihadapi.
Seseorang akan menggunakan bahasa yang non standar pada saat berbicara dengan
teman- teman dan menggunakan bahasa standar pada saat berbicara dengan orang
tua atau yang dihormati. Dengan menguasai bahasa suatu bangsa memudahkan
seseorang untuk berbaur dan menyesuaikan diri dengan bangsa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai alat kontrol social<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang mempengaruhi sikap, tingkah laku, serta tutur kata
seseorang. Kontrol sosial dapat diterapkan pada diri sendiri dan masyarakat,
contohnya buku- buku pelajaran, ceramah agama, orasi ilmiah, mengikuti diskusi
serta iklan layanan masyarakat. Contoh lain yang menggambarkan fungsi bahasa
sebagai alat kontrol sosial yang sangat mudah kita terapkan adalah sebagai alat
peredam rasa marah. Menulis merupakan salah satu cara yang sangat efektif untuk
meredakan rasa marah kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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10<span
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<!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi Bahasa secara khusus:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengadakan hubungan dalam pergaulan
sehari-hari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manusia adalah makhluk sosial yang tak terlepas dari
hubungan komunikasi dengan makhluk sosialnya. Komunikasi yang berlangsung dapat
menggunakan bahasa formal dan non formal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mewujudkan Seni (Sastra)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa yang dapat dipakai untuk mengungkapkan perasaan
melalui media seni, seperti syair, puisi, prosa dll. Terkadang bahasa yang
digunakan yang memiliki makna denotasi atau makna yang tersirat. Dalam hal ini,
diperlukan pemahaman yang mendalam agar bisa mengetahui makna yang ingin
disampaikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempelajari bahasa kuno<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan mempelajari bahasa kuno, akan dapat mengetahui
peristiwa atau kejadian dimasa lampau. Untuk mengantisipasi kejadian yang
mungkin atau dapat terjadi kembali dimasa yang akan datang, atau hanya sekedar
memenuhi rasa keingintahuan tentang latar belakang dari suatu hal. Misalnya
untuk mengetahui asal dari suatu budaya yang dapat ditelusuri melalui naskah
kuno atau penemuan prasasti-prasasti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengeksploitasi IPTEK <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan jiwa dan sifat keingintahuan yang dimiliki manusia,
serta akal dan pikiran yang sudah diberikan Tuhan kepada manusia, maka manusia
akan selalu mengembangkan berbagai hal untuk mencapai kehidupan yang lebih
baik. Pengetahuan yang dimiliki oleh manusia akan selalu didokumentasikan
supaya manusia lainnya juga dapat mempergunakannya dan melestarikannya demi
kebaikan manusia itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Peran dan fungsi bahasa Indonesia</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<span
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<!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]></o:wrapblock><![endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa Indonesia adalah bahasa resmi
Republik Indonesia sebagaimana disebutkan dalam Undang-Undang Dasar RI 1945,
pasal 36 ”bahasa Negara adalah bahasa Indonesia”. Sejarah bahasa Indonesia
telah tumbuh dan berkembang sekitar abad ke VII dari bahasa Melayu yang sejak
zaman dahulu sudah dipergunakan sebagai bahasa perhubungan. Bukan hanya di
Kepulauan Nusantara, melainkan juga di seluruh Asia Tenggara. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Awal penciptaan Bahasa Indonesia
sebagai jati diri bangsa bermula dari Sumpah Pemuda pada tanggal 28 Oktober
1928, diumumkanlah penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa untuk Negara
Indonesia pascakemerdekaan. Secara yuridis, baru tanggal 18 Agustus 1945 bahasa
Indonesia secara resmi diakui keberadaannya dan ditetapkan dalam UUD 1945 pasal
36.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedudukan bahasa Indonesia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedudukan dan fungsi Bahasa
Indonesia sebagai Bahasa Nasional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun
fungsinya adalah :</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lambang kebanggaan Nasional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lambang identitas Nasional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat pemersatu berbagai suku bangsa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">d.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat penghubung antarbudaya dan
antardaerah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedudukan dan fungsi Bahasa Indonesia sebagai Bahasa Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun
fungsinya adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa resmi kenegaraan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa pengantar dalam dunia
pendidikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa resmi untuk kepentingan
perencanaan dan pelaksanaan pembangunan nasional serta kepentingan pemerintah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">d.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat pengembangan kebudayaan, ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi lain dari Bahasa Indonesia ,
dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi bahasa secara umum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>13<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</tr>
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</v:roundrect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; margin-left: 610px; margin-top: 58px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 13;"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: 13" height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/windows8/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="AutoShape_x0020_15" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai alat untuk mengungkapkan perasaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai alat komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai alat berinteraksi dan
beradaptasi social<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">d.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai alat control sosia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi bahasa secara khusus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengadakan hubungan dalam pergaulan
sehari-hari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mewujudkan seni (sastra)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempelajari bahasa kuno<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">d.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengeksploitasi IPTEK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai penyusun kami
merasa masih ada kekurangan dalam pembuatan makalah ini. Oleh karena itu, saya
mohon kritik dan saran dari pembaca.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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15<span
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<!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Paeni,
Mukhlis. 2009. <i>Sejarah Kebudayaan
Indonesia</i>. Jakarta : Raja Grafindo Persada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-523611693347303972015-03-09T21:03:00.000-07:002015-03-09T21:03:09.280-07:00berlibur asyeek melepas penat di pantai<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg67xolsLGykfyBuIGok5VF7ZHmVLvvz83CPLTU4ppZqVvUphzs_rxgG3lI2SWp-FJKo8y1Yy8fee3Yh2WSEIn8LClEuWTD3xagM2YkacJf95Urspt6mlYZnU-BNxZEhqpNuXlywytaK7P8/s1600/2013-10-17_072338.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg67xolsLGykfyBuIGok5VF7ZHmVLvvz83CPLTU4ppZqVvUphzs_rxgG3lI2SWp-FJKo8y1Yy8fee3Yh2WSEIn8LClEuWTD3xagM2YkacJf95Urspt6mlYZnU-BNxZEhqpNuXlywytaK7P8/s1600/2013-10-17_072338.jpg" height="247" width="320" /></a></div>
hello sob!<br />
<div style="left: -99999px; position: absolute;">
Berlibur di pantai
tanpa mengeluarkan banyak uang akan sangat menguntungkan Anda. Menikmati
hari yang indah ditemani matahari pantai sambil menghemat pengeluaran
liburan Anda, berikut tips berlibur hemat di pantai!
Lokasi. Jika yang Anda butuhkan tidak terlalu jauh dari rumah Anda,
mengapa harus berlibur terlalu jauh? Carilah pantai terdekat yang Anda
rasa cocok dengan selera berlibur Anda, karena biaya transportasi cukup
banyak membebani biaya liburan.
Matematis. Perhitungkanlah biaya-biaya yang seharusnya bisa Anda hemat.
Booking-lah tiket dan hotel jauh-jauh hari, pertimbangkan untuk
menggunakan bus atau kereta api agar Anda bisa menghemat banyak biaya.
Makanan murah. Jika Anda lebih jeli Anda dapat menemukan pusat makanan
murah dan enak di sekitar tempat berlibur. Namun, selalu membawa
persediaan makanan ringan di tas Anda untuk berjaga-jaga jika Anda
mendadak lapar saat berwisata.
Bonus. Jika Anda membawa keluarga, terkadang hotel memberikan
bonus-bonus seperti makanan gratis untuk Anak, game dan program gratis
lainnya, manfaatkanlah agar biaya liburan Anda bisa lebih hemat.
Membawa perlengkapan sendiri. Jika Anda memiliki perlengkapan sendiri,
mengapa harus menyewa? Bawalah perlengkapan seperti kacamata renang,
ban karet pelampung kecil untuk anak Anda, cemilan dan perlengkapan
lainnya.
Selamat berlibur dan berhemat!<br /><br /> Sumber Artikel : <a href="http://www.rumahtips.com/5-tips-berlibur-hemat-di-pantai.html">http://www.rumahtips.com/5-tips-berlibur-hemat-di-pantai.html</a></div>
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
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mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berlibur asyek di pantai tanpa
mengeluarkan banyak uang adalah keinginan semua orang tapi sayang tak semua bias
menikmatinya! </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berikut tips berlibur hemat di
pantai! </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lokasi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya lokasi! Carilah lokasi yang tidak
terlalu jauh dari rumah? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penentu kita bias
menikmati liburan bukan dilihat dari tempatnya yang jauh tapi dengan siapa kita
berlibur! Bener gak!? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Carilah pantai terdekat yang Anda
rasa cocok dengan selera berlibur Anda, karena biaya transportasi perlu kita
perhitungkan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Matematis. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perhitungkanlah biaya-biaya yang
seharusnya bisa di hemat. Jika jeli kita dapat menemukan pusat
makanan murah dan enak di sekitar tempat berlibur. Namun, selalu membawa
persediaan makanan ringan di tas untuk berjaga-jaga jika mendadak
lapar saat berwisata. bukannya pelit tapi kita harus cerdas brow cz aku sering ketipu udah beli makanannya mahal gak enak lagi..!</span></div>
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</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bersikaplah gookil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Liburan tanpa sifat yang lucu alias
gookil itu gak asik gan..!! jangan jaim tp nikmati suasananya. Jangan diem tapi
teriaaklah karena itu bikin kita enjoy. Jagan berfikir kalau kita pengunjung
tapi berfikirlah dan bersikaplah kalau kita penguasanya ditempat itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-jkwkq8UsVnf6bAUCYhh9LxjMAjhTKIIqjfc_ohj-2DeFLN41aCL67nZDssgJPxC6tyTsg6kmdlj-O6QvnEzI0HgUSIIBzkAAzG8vimi2kusGwm5tyw-9EvgtmM3khPn305HlEE352-K/s1600/2013-10-17_073007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-jkwkq8UsVnf6bAUCYhh9LxjMAjhTKIIqjfc_ohj-2DeFLN41aCL67nZDssgJPxC6tyTsg6kmdlj-O6QvnEzI0HgUSIIBzkAAzG8vimi2kusGwm5tyw-9EvgtmM3khPn305HlEE352-K/s1600/2013-10-17_073007.jpg" height="320" width="262" /></a></div>
<br />
Jangan lupa selfi..!!<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">foto tidak sekedar gaya-gayaan ato menunjukkan kalo kita udah berlibur kesuatu tempat tapi selfi bisa jadi kenangan manis kita dengan temen-temen jika kita sudah berpisah dan sibuk dengan rutinitas masing-masing.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8Hsn8hb2b_8VNRJCh5lw4b1wGQMKWn6YBe99M34lyGvR2LF1DXvYVOSWHlIgj6bXNGVeb_kEwf5QZSSxPmX0JSHpcHt9qYIklBkIO_r4EWyKLP3Y2XEG5Eg69e4V-qEdDeuqfesdMkMqL/s1600/2013-10-17_074147.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8Hsn8hb2b_8VNRJCh5lw4b1wGQMKWn6YBe99M34lyGvR2LF1DXvYVOSWHlIgj6bXNGVeb_kEwf5QZSSxPmX0JSHpcHt9qYIklBkIO_r4EWyKLP3Y2XEG5Eg69e4V-qEdDeuqfesdMkMqL/s1600/2013-10-17_074147.jpg" height="309" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Selamat
berlibur & berhemat!</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Berlibur di pantai
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Berlibur di pantai
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joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-27772457750341773902012-08-01T19:36:00.000-07:002013-02-27T05:20:57.758-08:00PENELITIAN BUDAYA KOMUNIKASI MASYARAKAT SAMIN DI BOJONEGORO (KAJIAN SOSIOLINGGUISTIK)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOXYBvhjBMBXIICOMwg1fAozvsTPsIwIGg2Kr7s5b9yN_acA67dusZxL62byZxsqON_fGLahx2y2arRuN2921cCkLr_Q5GAS0scMZKMZ9A13vFsXJBIosjCsNDxUR878BWdwooiblNiOup/s1600/DSC_0292.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOXYBvhjBMBXIICOMwg1fAozvsTPsIwIGg2Kr7s5b9yN_acA67dusZxL62byZxsqON_fGLahx2y2arRuN2921cCkLr_Q5GAS0scMZKMZ9A13vFsXJBIosjCsNDxUR878BWdwooiblNiOup/s320/DSC_0292.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PENELITIAN
BUDAYA KOMUNIKASI MASYARAKAT </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">SAMIN
DI BOJONEGORO</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(KAJIAN SOSIOLINGGUISTIK)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Oleh: joko yulianto<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Manusia adalah
mahluk social karena itu manusia senantiasa berhubungan dengan manusia lainnya,
untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai lingkungannya, dirinya dan orang-orang
disekitarnya. Untuk mendapatkan informasi tentu setiap indifidu perlu melakukan
komunikasi dengan indifidu lain. Komunikasi sangat penting perannya bagi
kehidupan social, budaya, politik dan pendidikan, karena komunikasi merupakan
proses transaksional yang mempengaruhi prilaku tertentu sebagai konsekwensi
dari hubungan social.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tampaknya tak
dapat dihindari lagi bahwa proses komunikasi ini sangat vital dan mendasar bagi
komunikasi sosial, dikatakan vital karena setiap individu memiliki kemampuan
untuk berkomunikasi dengan individu yang lainnya, dengan begitu menetapkan
kredibilitasnya sebagai seorang anggota masyarakat dan dikatakan mendasar
karena manusia baik yang primitif maupun yang modern berkeinginan mempertahankan
suatu persetujuan mengenai berbagai hal aturan sosial komunikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Oleh karena
itu yang harus ditekankan adalah bagaimana komunikasi bisa berjalan efektif dan
efisien sehingga pesan yang diterima, ditafsirkan sama antara komunikator dan
komunikan. Artinya komunikasi yang efektif, terjadi tidak hanya sekedar saat
seseorang telah melekatkan arti tertentu terhadap perilaku orang lain tetapi
juga pada persepsinya yang sesuai dengan pemberi pesan atau informasi.Salah
satu cara untuk menjamin hal itu adalah dengan menghindarkan pesan yang tidak
jelas atau tidak spesifik serta dengan meningkatkan frekuensi umpan balik (feed
back) guna mengurangi tingkat ketidakpastian dan tanda tanya, yakni dengan cara
memahami bagaimana budaya komunikasi dari lawan bicara kita nantinya, sehingga
salah tafsir dari penyampaian pesan dapat dihindarkan meskipun mempunyai latar
belakang kehidupan yang hampir sama dengan kita<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bertahun –
tahun lalu Raymond Williams (1962) secara ringkas dan tegas mendefinisikan
Budaya sebagai” suatu cara hidup tertentu” yang dibentuk oleh nilai, tradisi,
kepercayaan, obyek material dan wilayah (territory), Budaya adalah suatu
ekologi yang kompleks dan dinamis dari orang, benda, pandangan tentang dunia,
kegiatan dan latar belakang (setting) yang secara fundamental bertahan lama
tetapi juga berubah dalam komunikasi dan interaksi sosial yang rutin, budaya
adalah konteks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Budaya adalah
cara kita berbicara dan berpakaian, makanan yang kita makan dan cara kita
menyiapkannya dan mengkonsumsinya, dewa-dewa yang kita ciptakan dan cara kita
memujanya, cara kita membagi waktu dan ruang, cara kita menari, nilai-nilai
yang kita sosialisasikan kepada anak-anak kita dan semua detail lainnya yang
membentuk kehidupan sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perspektif
tentang budaya ini mengimplikasikan bahwa tak ada budaya yang secara inheren
lebih unggul dari budaya yang lainnya dan bahwa kekayaan budaya tidak ada
kaitannya sama sekali dengan status ekonomi, budaya sebagai kehidupan
sehari-hari merupakan idea yang tetap demokratis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hal inilah
yang memotivasi peneliti untuk mengkaji bagaimana cara atau praktek komunikasi
dalam masyarakat samin khususnya Di wilayah bojonegoro kecamatan malo, peneliti
ingin meneliti bahasa masyarakat samin dari segi bahasa, baik bahasa Verbal
maupun Nonverbal, yang biasanya dilakukan antara komunikator dan komunikan yang
berlatar belakang kebudayaan sama, maupun yang memiliki kebudayaan yang
berbeda. Masarakat samin merupakan masyarakat yang cara komunikasinya mengambil
dan memahami apa yang di ucap dan mereka menitik beratkan kata-katanya bukan
maksud dari makna kata yang di ucapkannya. Inilah yang membuat masyarakat samin
berbeda dengan masyarakat bojonegoro pada umumnya dan karena itu pula peneliti
merasa penelitian sosiolingguistik perlu dilakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">RUMUSAN MASALAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dari latar
belakang masalah tersebut di atas, maka penelitian ini berusaha menjawab
permasalahan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bagaimana budaya komunikasi masyarakat Samin di Dusun
Jepang, Desa/Kecamatan Margomulyo, Bojonegoro dilihat dari segi penggunaan bahasa
?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Simbol-simbol komunikasi apa yang digunakan masyarakat
masyarakat Samin di Dusun Jepang, Desa/Kecamatan Margomulyo, Bojonegoro dalam
proses komunikasi?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">MAKSUD DAN TUJUAN PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bertitik tolak
pada rumusan masalah di atas, maka maksud dan tujuan penelitian ini adalah
sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Untuk mengetahui Budaya Komunikasi masyarakat
masyarakat Samin di Dusun Jepang, Desa/Kecamatan Margomulyo, Bojonegoro dari
segi penggunaan bahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Untuk memahami simbol-simbol komunikasi yang digunakan
masyarakat Samin di Dusun Jepang, Desa/Kecamatan Margomulyo, Bojonegoro dalam
proses komunikasi yang biasa mereka gunakan sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KEGUNAN PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adapun
kegunaan dari penelitian ini diharapkan berdaya guna sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Secara teoritis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan
sumbangan terhadap pengembangan ilmu Komunikasi, khususnya komunikasi budaya
masyarakat samin Bojonegoro.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Diharapkan dapat memperkaya kajian budaya khususnya di
bidang komunikasi dalam Masyarakat bojonegoro.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Secara Praktis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat di jadikan salah
satu informasi dalam mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan khususnya komunikasi budaya
yang ada hubungannya dengan sosiolingguistik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Untuk membantu masyarakat demi menghindari
kesalahpahaman persepsi dari sebuah pesan yang disampaikan komunikan yang
berbeda Budaya atau bahkan sama dengan kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">LANDASAN TEORI</span></b> (<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teori Interaksi Simbolik)<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam
penelitian ini menggunakan kerangka pemikiran yakni teori Interaksi Simbolik
milik Herbert Blumer, kerangka pemikiran ini mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat
besar dalam penelitian ini, karena di dalamnya memiliki tendensi-tendensi
pemikiran yang kuat untuk menganalisis penelitian ini. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Istilah
interaksi simbolik diciptakan oleh Herbert Blumer pada tahun 1937 dan
dipopulerkan oleh Blumer juga, meskipun sebenarnya Mead-lah yang paling popular
sebagai peletak dasar teori tersebut. Esensi dari teori Interaksi simbolik
adalah suatu aktivitas yang merupakan ciri khas manusia, yakni komunikasi atau
pertukaran simbol yang diberi makna Blumer mengkonseptualisasikan manusia
sebagai pencipta atau pembentuk kembali lingkungannya, sebagai perancang dunia
obyeknya dalam aliran tindakannya, alih–alih sekedar merespons pengharapan
kelompok.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perspektif
interaksionisme simbolik berusaha memahami perilaku manusia dari sudut pandang
subyek, perspektif ini menyarankan bahwa perilaku manusia harus dilihat sebagai
proses yang memungkinkan manusia membentuk dan mengatur perilaku mereka dengan
mempertimbangkan keberadaan orang lain yang menjadi mitra interaksi mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Definisi yang
mereka berikan kepada orang lain, situasi, obyek dan bahkan pada diri mereka
sendiri yang menentukan perilaku mereka. Perilaku mereka tidak dapat
digolongkan sebagai kebutuhan, dorongan impuls, tuntutan budaya atau tuntutan
peran, manusia bertindak hanya berdasarkan pada definisi atau penafsiran mereka
atas obyek-obyek di sekeliling mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam
pandangan interaksi simbolik, sebagaimana ditegaskan Blumer proses sosial dalam
kehidupan kelompoklah yang menciptakan dan menegakkan kehidupan kelompok, dalam
konteks ini, maka makna dikontruksikan dalam proses interaksi dan proses
tersebut bukanlah suatu medium netral yang memungkinkan kekuatan-kekuatan
sosial memainkan peranannya, melainkan justru merupakan substansi sebenarnya
dari organisasi sosial dan kekuatan sosial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menurut teori
Interaksi simbolik, kehidupan sosial pada dasarnya adalah interaksi manusia
yang menggunakan simbol-simbol, mereka tertarik pada cara manusia menggunakan
simbol-simbol yang merepresentasikan apa yang mereka maksudkan untuk
berkomunikasi dengan sesamanya. Dan juga pengaruh yang ditimbulkan dari
penafsiran simbol-simbol tersebut terhadap perilaku pihak-pihak yang terlihat
dalam interaksi sosial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penganut
interaksi simbolik berpandangan, perilaku manusia pada dasarnya adalah produk
dari interpretasi mereka atas dunia dari sekeliling mereka jadi tidak mengakui
bahwa perilaku itu dipelajari atau ditentukan sebagaimana dianut teori
Behavioristik atau teori struktural.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Secara ringkas
Teori Interaksionisme simbolik didasarkan pada premis-premis berikut, pertama
individu merespons suatu situasi simbolik, mereka merespon lingkungan termasuk
obyek fisik (benda) dan Obyek sosial (perilaku manusia) berdasarkan media yang
dikandung komponen-komponen lingkungan tersebut bagi mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kedua, makna
adalah produk interaksi sosial, karena itu makna tidak melihat pada obyek,
melainkan dinegosiasikan melalui penggunaan bahasa, negosiasi itu dimungkinkan
karena manusia mampu mewarnai segala sesuatu bukan hanya obyek fisik, tindakan
atau peristiwa (bahkan tanpa kehadiran obyek fisik, tindakan atau peristiwa
itu) namun juga gagasan yang abstrak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ketiga, makna
yang interpretasikan individu dapat berubah dari waktu ke waktu, sejalan dengan
perubahan situasi yang ditemukan dalam interaksi sosial, perubahan interpretasi
dimungkinkan karena individu dapat melakukan proses mental, yakni berkomunikasi
dengan dirinya sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">METODE PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">penelitian ini
tersusun dengan kelengkapan ilmiah yang disebut sebagai metode penelitian,
yaitu cara kerja penelitian sesuai dengan cabang – cabang ilmu yang menjadi
sasaran atau obyeknya. Cara kerja tersebut merupakan pengetahuan tentang
langkah-langkah sistematis dan logis dalam upaya pencarian data yang berkenaan
dengan masalah-masalah penelitian guna diolah, dianalisis, diambil kesimpulan
dan selanjutnya dicarikan solusinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Metode dalam
suatu penelitian merupakan upaya agar penelitian tidak diragukan bobot
kualitasnya dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan validitasnya secara ilmiah. Untuk
itu dalam bagian ini memberi tempat khusus tentang apa dan bagaimana pendekatan
dan jenis penelitian, Obyek penelitian, jenis dan sumber data, tahapan
penelitian, teknik pengumpulan data, teknik analisis data, dan teknik keabsahan
data, adapn penjelasannya adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pendekatan Dan Jenis Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penelitian
ini, menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi. Alfred Schutz sebagai salah satu
tokoh teori ini berpendirian bahwa tindakan manusia menjadi suatu hubungan
sosial bila manusia memberi arti atau makna tertentu terhadap tindakannya itu,
dan manusia lain memahami pula tindakannya itu sebagai sesuatu yang penuh arti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ada empat
unsur pokok dari teori ini yakni: pertama, perhatian terhadap aktor. Kedua,
memusatkan pada pernyataan yang penting atau yang pokok dan kepada sikap yang
wajar atau alamiah (natural attitude). Ketiga, memusatkan perhatian terhadap
masalah mikro. Keempat, memperhatikan pertumbuhan, perubahan dan proses
tindakan dalam dinamika agama, sosial dan budaya masyarakat urbanNamun
penelitian ini juga menggunakan pendekatan etnografis, yang mencoba melakukan
pengumpulan, penggolongan (pengklasifikasian) dan penganalisaan terhadap budaya
komunikasi masyarakat samin di kabupaten Bojonegoro.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sedangkan
jenis penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan berdasarkan
pada data yang muncul berwujud kata – kata dan bukan rangkaian angka. Serta
dengan metode penelitian deskriptif artinya melukiskan variabel demi variabel,
satu demi satu. Metode penelitian deskriptif bertujuan untuk :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengumpulkan informasi aktual secara rinci yang
melukiskan gejala yang ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengidentifikasi masalah atau memeriksa kondisi dan
praktek-praktek yang berlaku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Membuat perbandingan atau evaluasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menentukan apa yang dilakukan dalam menghadapi masalah
yang sama dan belajar dari pengalaman mereka untuk menetapkan rencana dan
keputusan pada waktu yang akan datang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Objek Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wilayah
penelitian yang dijadikan obyek atau sasaran dalam penelitian ini. Sebagaimana
dijelaskan dalam konseptualisasi penelitian yaitu Budaya Komunikasi serta
simbol – simbol yang digunakan dalam proses komunikasi masyarakat Samin di
Dusun Jepang, Desa/Kecamatan Margomulyo, Bojonegoro, Alasan dipilihnya desa ini
adalah karena komunitasnya masih kuat mempertahankan identitas kulturalnya
melalui berbagai ritualitas. Kuatnya identitas kultural tersebut diperkuat
dengan masih mentradisinya bentuk – bentuk folklor dalam realitas kehidupan
sehari – hari. Dengan memiliki aksesbilitas yang lebih terbuka serta kondisi
sosial ekonomi rendah dan mempunyai tingkat mobilitas yang tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jenis Dan Sumber Data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jenis data
dalam penelitian ini dibagi dalam bentuk kata-kata dan tindakan serta sumber
data yang tertulis. Sedangkan sumber data dalam penelitian ini, disesuaikan
dengan apa yang di konsepsikan oleh Lofland dan Lofland (1984: 47), bahwa
sumber data utama dalam penelitian kualitatif ialah kata-kata dan tindakan,
selebihnya adalah data tambahan seperti dokumen dan lain-lain. Berikut ini akan
peneliti jelaskan mengenai jenis-jenis data yang berbentuk kata-kata dan
tindakan serta sumber data yang tertulis. Jenis dan sumber data tersebut
adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kata-Kata Dan Tindakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kata-kata dan
tindakan yang diamati atau diwawancarai merupakan sumber utama. Sumber data
utama dicatat melalui cacatan tertulis atau melalui perekaman video / audio
tapes, pengambilan foto atau film. Dalam upaya mengumpulkan sumber data yang
berupa kata-kata dan tindakan dengan menggunakan alat (instrumen) penelitian
seperti tersebut di atas merupakan konsep yang ideal, tetapi dalam konteks ini,
ketika peneliti melakukan proses wawancara dalam upaya menggali data atau
informasi yang berkaitan dengan penelitian ini, peneliti hanya menggunakan alat
bantu yang berupa referensi sebagai pisau bedah di lapangan dan buku tulis
serta bolpoint untuk mencatat informasi yang disampaikan oleh informan yakni
tokoh – tokoh masyarakat dan ketua adat yang sering mereka sebut kyai, sesepuh
desa (orang yang dituakan) dalam komunitas masyarakat samin yang cukup
berpengaruh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sumber Tertulis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sumber
tertulis dapat dikatakan sebagai sumber kedua yang berasal dari luar sumber
kata-kata dan tindakan. Dilihat dari sumber data, bahan tambahan yang berasal
dari sumber tertulis dapat dibagi atas sumber buku dan majalah ilmiah, sumber
dari arsip, dokumen pribadi dan dokumen resmi. Dalam konteks ini, upaya untuk
menggali data informasi yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan penelitian, peneliti
mencari sumber data tertulis untuk memperkuat hasil penelitian. Dalam hal ini
peneliti mendapatkan sumber data tertulis berupa buku yang berkaitan dengan kajian
Budaya komunikasi Masyarakat Samin di Dusun Jepang, Desa/Kecamatan Margomulyo,
Bojonegoro dan berbagai buku penunjang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahapan-Tahapan Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahap-tahap
penelitian yang digunakan peneliti dalam penelitian ini ada dua, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahapan Pra Lapangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahapan pra
lapangan ini meliputi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menyusun Rancangan Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam konteks
ini, peneliti terlebih dahulu membuat rumusan permasalahan yang akan dijadikan
obyek penelitian, untuk kemudian membuat matrik usulan judul penelitian sebelum
melaksanakan penelitian hingga membuat proposal penelitian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Memilih Lapangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cara terbaik
yang perlu ditempuh dalam penentuan lapangan penelitian ialah dengan jalan
mempertimbangkan teori substantif, pergilah dan jajakilah lapangan untuk
melihat apakah terdapat kesesuaian dengan kenyataan yang berada di lapangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengurus Perizinan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Setelah
membuat usulan penelitian dalam bentuk proposal, peneliti mengurus izin kepada
atasan peneliti sendiri, ketua jurusan, dekan fakultas, kepala instansi seperti
pusat dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahap Orientasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pada tahap
ini, peneliti akan mengadakan pengumpulan data secara umum, melakukan observasi
dan wawancara mendalam untuk memperoleh informasi luas mengenai hal-hal yang
umum dari obyek penelitian. Informasi dari sejumlah responden di analisis untuk
memperoleh hal-hal yang menonjol, menarik, penting dan berguna bagi penelitian
selanjutnya secara mendalam. Informasi seperti itulah yang selanjutnya
digunakan sebagai fokus penelitian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahapan Eksplorasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pada tahap
ini, fokus penelitian lebih jelas sehingga dapat dikumpulkan data yang lebih
terarah dan spesifik. Observasi ditujukan pada hal-hal yang dianggap ada
hubungannya dengan fokus. Wawancara lebih berstruktur dan mendalam (dept
interview) sehingga informasi yang mendalam dan bermakna dapat diperoleh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="7" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TEHNIK PENGUMPULAN DATA<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengumpulan
data adalah suatu proses pengadaan data primer untuk keperluan penelitian.
Pengumpulan data adalah langkah yang amat penting dalam metode ilmiah, karena
pada umumnya data yang dikumpulkan digunakan untuk menguji hipotesa yang sudah
dirumuskan. Dalam penelitian ini, pengumpulan data akan dilakukan langsung oleh
peneliti dalam situasi yang sesungguhnya. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam
penelitian ini yang digunakan adalah data dokumentasi, wawancara mendalam yang
berhubungan dengan data yang diperlukan dan observasi. Penjelasannya adalah
sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dokumentasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penggunaan
data dokumentasi dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi yang
berhubungan dengan data-data tentang berbagai hal yang berhubungan dengan
Budaya komunikasi masyarakat samin dari segi penggunaan bahasa serta Latar
belakang penggunaan Bahasa tersebut Seperti peta wilayah, foto-foto dokumenter
aktivitas masyarakat margomulyo kabupaten bojonegoro. Teknik dokumentasi ini
juga digunakan untuk mendapatkan informasi dan data-data sekunder yang
berhubungan dengan fokus penelitian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wawancara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sedangkan
penggunaan wawancara mendalam (dept interview) dalam penelitian ini adalah
untuk mendapatkan data primer dari subyek penelitian dengan cara wawancara
mendalam yang tidak berstruktur, dengan pertimbangan supaya dapat berkembang
sesuai dengan kepentingan penelitian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Observasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Metode ini
menggunakan pengamatan atau penginderaan langsung terhadap suatu benda,
kondisi, situasi, proses atau perilaku. Pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan
alat indera dan diikuti dengan pencatatan secara sistematis terhadap
gejala-gejala/fenomena yang diteliti. Observasi dilakukan bila belum banyak
keterangan yang dimiliki tentang masalah yang diselidiki. Dari hasil observasi,
dapat diperoleh gambaran yang lebih jelas tentang masalahnya dan mungkin
petunjuk-petunjuk tentang cara memecahkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="8" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PENGUJIAN DATA<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teknik
keabsahan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, seperti yang dirumuskan ada
tiga macam yaitu, antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perpanjangan Keikutsertaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Keikutsertaan
peneliti sangat menentukan dalam pengumpulan data. Keikutsertaan tersebut tidak
hanya dilakukan dalam waktu singkat, tetapi memerlukan perpanjangan
keikutsertaan peneliti pada latar penelitian. Dalam konteks ini, dalam upaya
menggali data atau informasi yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan penelitian,
peneliti selalu ikut serta dengan informan utama dalam upaya menggali informasi
yang berkaitan dengan fokus penelitian. Misalnya peneliti selalu bersama
informan utama dalam melihat lokasi penelitian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ketekunan Pengamatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ketekunan
pengamatan dilakukan dengan maksud menemukan ciri-ciri dan unsur-unsur dalam
situasi yang relevan atau isu yang sedang dicari dan kemudian memusatkan diri
pada hal-hal tersebut secara rinci.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Triangulasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Triangulasi
adalah teknik pemeriksaan keabsahan data yang memanfaatkan sesuatu yang lain di
luar data itu untuk keperluan pengecekan atau sebagai pembanding terhadap data
itu. Denzin (1978), membedakan empat macam triangulasi sebagai teknik
pemeriksaan yang memanfaatkan penggunaan sumber, metode, penyedik dan teori.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="9" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TEKNIK ANALISIS DATA<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Definisi
analisis data, banyak dikemukakan oleh para ahli metodologi penelitian. Berikut
ini adalah definisi analisis data yang dikemukakan oleh para ahli metodologi penelitian
tersebut, yang terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menurut Bogdan dan Taylor (1971)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Analisis data
adalah proses yang merinci usaha formal untuk menemukan tema dan merumuskan
hipotesis (ide) seperti yang disarankan oleh data dan sebagai usaha untuk
memberikan bantuan pada tema dan hipotesa itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menurut Lexy J. Moleong (2002)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Analisis data
adalah proses mengorganisasikan dari mengurutkan data ke dalam pola, kategori
dan satuan uraian dasar, sehingga dapat ditemukan tema dan dapat dirumuskan
hipotesis kerja seperti yang disarankan oleh data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dari
pengertian di atas, dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa, analisis data adalah
rangkaian kegiatan penelaahan, pengelompokan, sistematisasi, penafsiran, dan
verifikasi data agar sebuah fenomena memiliki nilai sosial, akademik dan
ilmiah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Analisis data
penelitian bersifat berkelanjutan dan dikembangkan sepanjang program. Analisis
data dilaksanakan mulai penetapan masalah, pengumpulan data dan setelah data
terkumpulkan. Dengan menetapkan masalah penelitian, peneliti sudah melakukan
analisis terhadap permasalahan tersebut dalam berbagai perspektif teori dan
metode yang digunakan yakni metode alir. Analisis dalam penelitian ini terdiri
dari tiga alur kegiatan yang terjadi secara bersamaan (Matthew B.Miles dan A
Michael Huberman,1992: 16 – 17).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahap analisis
data dalam penelitian kualitatif secara umum di mulai sejak pengumpulan data 1)
reduksi data,yang diartikan sebagai proses pemilihan, pemusatan perhatian pada
penyederhanaan, pengabstrakan dan transformasi data kasar yang muncul dari
catatan – catatan tertulis di lapangan; 2) penyajian data (display data)
dilakukan dengan menggunakan bentuk teks naratif dan 3) penarikan kesimpulan
serta verifikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teknik
analisis data dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan setelah data-data diperoleh
melalui teknik wawancara mendalam dan observasi. Kemudian data-data tersebut,
di analisis secara saling berhubungan untuk mendapatkan dugaan sementara, yang
dipakai dasar untuk mengumpulkan data berikutnya, lalu dikonfirmasikan dengan
informan secara terus menerus secara triangulasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ol start="10" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kesimpulan
disini akan menjelaskan bagaimana hasil dari penelitian ini, apakah penelitian
ini mampu menjawab seluruh rumusan masalah yang telah ditetapkan atau tidak.
Dalam menulis kesimpulan ini akan ditulis apa saja manfaat dari peneltian ini
untuk ilmu pengetahuan, untuk masyarakat, untuk peneliti, saran untuk
masyarakat umum dan lain sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="11" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bahtiar,
Wardi, Metodologi Penelitian Ilmu Dakwah, Jakarta : Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1987<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berger, Arthur
Asa, Tanda-tanda dalam Kebudayaan Kontemporer, terjemahan oleh M. Dwi
Mariyanto, Sunarto, Jogyakarta, Tiara Wacana Yogja: 2000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Iqbal Hasan,
M., Pokok-pokok Materi Metodologi Penelitian dan Aplikasinya, Cet. 1, Jakarta:
Ghalia Indonesia, 2002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Koencoroningrat,
Metode-Metode Penelitian Masyarakat, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1981<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lexy, J.
Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, Cet. 13 Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya,
2002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lull, James,
Media, Komunikasi dan Kebudayaan Jakarta, Yayasan Obor Indonesia :1998<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mulyana,
Deddy, Komunikasi Antar Pribadi Bandung, PT Remaja Rosda Karya:1990<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Narbuko
Cholid, & Achmadi, Abu, Metodologi Penelitian ,Jakarta, Bumi aksara, 1997<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nasution, S., Metode Research, Edisi 1 Bandung:
Jemmars, 1982<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nazir, Moh.,
Metode Penelitian, Cet. IV Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1999<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ritzer,
George, Sosiologi Ilmu Pengetahuan Berparadigma Ganda Yogyakarta: Kanisius,
1992<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sobur, Alex,
Semiotika Komunikasi, Bandung, Remaja Rosdakarya : 2004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Suprayogo,
Imam dan Tobroni, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial-Agama Bandung: Remaja
Rosdakarya, 2001<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Uchajana,
Onong, Dinamika Komunikasi, Bandung, PT Remaja Rosda Karya: 1993<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://zenapinkers08.wordpress.com/proposal-penelitian-kualitatif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://mhs.blog.ui.ac.id/dennie.atika/category/semester-5/metode-penelitian-komunikasi/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-87408593432477816502012-06-19T22:07:00.001-07:002012-06-19T22:07:58.348-07:00Postmodernisme dalam Cerpen Sugriwo-Subali Karya Yanusa Nugroho<br />
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</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postmodernisme dalam Cerpen
Sugriwo-Subali<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya Yanusa Nugroho<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
modern yang dibawa oleh Descartes dianggap melahirkan berbagai dampak buruk
untuk dunia di kemudian hari. Filsafat modern, bagaimanapun telah membawa dunia
kepada perubahan yang sangat besar. Namun, di sisi lain ia juga mendapat
kecaman dari berbagai pihak, khususnya aliran Postmodernisme. Pandangan
dualistiknya yang membagi seluruh kenyataan menjadi subyek dan obyek,
spiritual-material, manusia-dunia dan sebagainya, telah mengakibatkan
obyektisasi alam dan eksploitasi alam secara besar-besaran dan semena-mena.
Akibtnya banyak pihak yang mengecam tindakan ini. Zaman modern yang selalu
diasumsikan dengan kemajuan, ilmu pengetahuan, Hi-Tech, eksploitasi, rasionalitas
dan lain sebagainya, ternyata tidak dapat diterima begitu saja oleh sebagian
yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istilah
postmodernist muncul pada tahun 1930-an, yang pertama kali dikenalkan oleh
Arnold Toynbee. Postmodern merupakan reaksi dari modernism. Walaupun sampai
saat ini belum ada kesepakatan dalam pendefinisiannya, tetapi istilah tersebut
berhasil menarik perhatian orang banyak. Banyak versi dalam memberikan
penjelasan mengenai istilah postmodern. Foster menjelaskan, sebagian orang
seperti Lyotard beranggapan bahwa, postmodernisme merupakan lawan dari
modernisme yang dianggap tidak berhasil mengangkat martabat manusia modern.
Sedang sebagian lagiseperti Jamenson beranggapan, postmodernisme adalah
pengembangan dari modernitas, seperti diungkap Bryan S. Turner dalam Theories
of modernity and Post-Modernity .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postmodernisme Dalam Pandangan
Jean Francois Lyotarda<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jean-Francois
Lyotard, dalam bukunya The Postmodern Condition: A report on Knowledge (1979),
adalah salah satu pemikir pertama yang menulis secara lengkap mengenai
postmodernisme sebagai fenomena budaya yang lebih luas. Lyotard memandang
postmodernisme muncul sebelum dan setelahmodernisme, dan merupakan sisi yang
berlawanan dengan modernisme. Halini diperkuat oleh pendapat Flaskas yang
mengatakan bahwa postmodernisme adalah oposisi dari premis modernisme. Beberapa
diantaranya adalah gerakan perpindahan dari fondasionalisme menuju
anti-fondasionalisme, dari teori besar (grand theory) menuju teori spesifik,
dari sesuatu yang universal menuju kesesuatu yang sebagian dan lokal, dari
kebenaran yang tunggal menuju ke kebenaran yang beragam. Semua gerakan tersebut
adalah mencerminkan tantangan postmodernist kepada modernist.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemahaman
pemikiran postmodernis menjadi penting untuk memahami berbagai perkembangan
ilmu pengetahuan dan budaya yang tidak lagimemadai untuk dianalisis hanya
berdasarkan paradigma ilmiah modern yanglebih menekankan kesatuan, homogenitas,
objektivitas, dan universalitas. Sementara ilmu pengetahuan dalam pandangan
postmodernis lebih menekankan pada pluralitas, perbedaan, heterogenitas, budaya
lokal/etnis,dan pengalaman hidup sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Jean Francois Lyotard, bahwa awalan post pada postmodern, merupakan elaborasi
keyakinan modern, sebagai upaya untuk memutuskan hubungan dengan tradisi modern
dengan cara memunculkan cara-cara kehidupan dan pemikiran yang baru sama
sekali. Pemutusan dengan masalalu (jama modern) merupakan jalan untuk melupakan
dan merepresi masalalu. Dalam pandangan modernisme, ilmu pengetahuan berkembang
sebagai pemenuhan keinginan untuk keluar dari mitos-mitos yang digunakan
masyarakat primitif menjelaskan fenomena alam, dan modernitas adalah proyek
intelektual yang mencari kesatuan berdasarkan fondasi sebagai jalan menuju
kemajuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mitos
politik ini menganggap sainsmodern sebagai alat untuk kebebasan dan humanisasi.
Sementara dalam pandangan Postmodernism, sains tidak mampu menghilangkan
mitos-mitosdari wilayah ilmu pengetahuan. Sementara metanarasi itu berfungsi
sebagaimitos baru bagi masyarakat modern.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi
postmodernism ide rasionalitas dan humanisme merupakan konstruksi historis,
konstruksi sosial budaya dan bukan sesuatu yang bersifat alami(kodrat) dan
universal. Sehingga kedua hal tersebut tidak dapat diseragamkan tanpa
mempertimbangkan kondisi sosial-historis sertabudaya lokal. Keanekaragaman
pemikiran menurut Lyotard hanya dapat dicapai dengan melakukan penolakan
terhadap kesatuan (unity), dengan mencari disensus (ketidaksepakatan) secara
radikal.Jean Francois Lyotard merupakan pemikir postmodern yang penting karena memberikan
pendasaran filosofis pada gerakan postmodern. Penolakannya terhadap konsep
narasi agung (grand native) serta pemikirannya yang mnengemukakan konsep
perbedaan dan language game sebagai alternatif terhadap kesatuan (unity).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lyotard<span> </span>memandang<span>
</span>bahwa,<span> </span>di<span> </span>dalam<span>
</span>bahasa<span> </span>tidak<span> </span>ada<span>
</span>keutuhan,<span> </span>yang ada hanyalah
pulau-pulau bahasa,<span> </span>yang<span> </span>masing- masing<span> </span>diatur oleh<span>
</span>sebuah<span> </span>system<span> </span>aturan yang<span>
</span>tak bisa<span> </span>diterjemah kan ke dalam
sistem<span> </span>yang lain. Pengejawantahan<span> </span>postmo<span>
</span>adalah formlessness, ambiguitas, ketidakpastian, ironi,
oposisionalitas,<span> </span>dsan relatives. Fenomen
aglobal:<span> </span>bangkitnya<span> </span>micronarratives<span> </span>postmodern<span>
</span>yan g<span> </span>dibangun<span> </span>oleh<span>
</span>perpaduan<span> </span>bebas antara<span> </span>tradisi<span>
</span>dengan<span> </span>modernitas,<span> </span>yang<span>
</span>sekaligus<span> </span>melanjutkan<span> </span>dan<span>
</span>mentransendensikan modernisme. Ciri-ciri<span>
</span>penting<span> </span>yang<span> </span>dapat<span>
</span>dilihat<span> </span>dari<span> </span>postmodern<span>
</span>jika<span> </span>dikontekstualisasikan<span> </span>kedalam<span>
</span>contoh<span> </span>novel Indonesia1 misaln
ya, dap at<span> </span>diambil simpulan<span> </span>bahwa novel-novel itu: mensintsiskan,<span> </span>mempertentangkan<span> </span>dan<span>
</span>secar a<span> </span>ironis<span> </span>mengomentari<span>
</span>hirarki<span> </span>yang<span> </span>muncul dari<span>
</span>dunia<span> </span>sastra/cerita<span> </span>dan<span>
</span>menemukan<span> </span>padanan<span> </span>dalam<span>
</span>dunia<span> </span>modern.<span> </span>Mengungkap<span>
</span>tradisi untuk<span> </span>membangun<span> </span>masa<span>
</span>depan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dialektika<span> </span>plot<span>
</span>pakem<span> </span>dan<span> </span>carangan<span>
</span>mempunyai kesamaan<span> </span>dengan
usaha<span> </span>postmo,<span> </span>yaitu mengedepankan<span> </span>konflik<span>
</span>antara<span> </span>model<span> </span>pemahaman lama<span> </span>dan<span>
</span>baru.<span> </span>Ini<span> </span>paralel<span>
</span>dengan<span> </span>Lyotard<span> </span>tentang<span>
</span>ketidakpercayaan<span> </span>pada
metanarratives yang<span> </span>menand ai akhir
zaman modern serta<span> </span>muncu lnya
modernisme-moder nisme baru atau micronarratives yang otonom dan terpecah-pecah
yan g mewarnai era postmodern. Dengan<span>
</span>demikian<span> </span>karya<span> </span>postmodernis<span>
</span>adalah<span> </span>sebuah<span> </span>anti<span>
</span>kemapanan.<span> </span>Tidak percaya<span> </span>lagi<span>
</span>pada<span> </span>sesuatu<span> </span>yan g<span>
</span>telah<span> </span>menjadi<span> </span>pakem<span> </span>atau<span> </span>ketetapan<span>
</span>bersama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cerpen Sugriwo-Subali (CSS)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cerpen<span> </span>Sugriwo -Subali(CSS)<span> </span>berkisah<span>
</span>tentang<span> </span>dua<span> </span>orang<span>
</span>bersaudara<span> </span>yang<span> </span>hidup terlantar<span> </span>di<span>
</span>sebuah<span> </span>tempat<span> </span>bernama<span>
</span>Jakarta.<span> </span>Kedua<span> </span>orang<span>
</span>itu<span> </span>merupakan<span> </span>anak<span>
</span>pungut Hanoman. Dua or ang itu mempun yai perbedaan dalam hal nafsu<span> </span>makan. Sugriwo tukang makan<span> </span>karena itu<span>
</span>tubuhnya<span> </span>cepat besar,<span> </span>sebalikn ya<span>
</span>Subali<span> </span>nafsu<span> </span>makannya<span>
</span>jelek,<span> </span>karena itu<span> </span>badannya<span>
</span>kecil.<span> </span>Dua<span> </span>bersaudara<span>
</span>itu<span> </span>hidup<span> </span>menggelandang.<span> </span>Hanoman<span>
</span>mengajarinya, bahwa surga<span> </span>adalah
makanan dan neraka adalah<span> </span>lapar. Itulah
sebabn ya setiap hari<span> </span>mereka melayap<span> </span>mencari<span>
</span>sorga.<span> </span>Mereka<span> </span>juga<span>
</span>sangat<span> </span>dekat<span> </span>dengan<span>
</span>gadis<span> </span>Jilah<span> </span>yang<span>
</span>setiap<span> </span>hari selalu dibaginya
makanan dengan hadiah ciuman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu<span> </span>hari<span>
</span>mereka<span> </span>mendapati truk<span> </span>sayuran.<span>
</span>Sugriwo<span> </span>naik<span> </span>untuk<span>
</span>mencuri<span> </span>dan Subali menunggu<span> </span>sambil<span>
</span>mengawasi.<span> </span>Truk<span> </span>itu<span>
</span>tiba-tiba<span> </span>maju<span> </span>meninggalkan<span>
</span>Subali<span> </span>yang<span> </span>tidak bisa<span>
</span>naik,<span> </span>adapun<span> </span>Sugriwo<span>
</span>tak<span> </span>bisa<span> </span>turun.<span>
</span>Mereka<span> </span>dipisahk an<span> </span>dalam<span>
</span>rasa<span> </span>sedih<span> </span>yang sangat. Sugriwo telah tumbuh
menjadi<span> </span>raja hitam. Dialah<span> </span>pen gusa segala<span> </span>kejahatan di kota itu. Dia ingin menjumpai
Subali. Dia<span> </span>mencari Subali ke setiap
pelosok kota. Kedua orang saudara<span>
</span>itu<span> </span>bertemu.<span> </span>Mereka<span>
</span>saling<span> </span>kangen<span> </span>dengan<span>
</span>caranya<span> </span>sendiri.<span> </span>Mabuk<span>
</span>bersama. Subali<span> </span>masih<span> </span>marah<span>
</span>dan<span> </span>merasakan<span> </span>k epedihan<span>
</span>ditinggal<span> </span>Sugriwo.<span> </span>Dia<span>
</span>bernafsu<span> </span>ingin membunuh<span> </span>Sugriwo.<span>
</span>Subali<span> </span>menghantamkan<span> </span>botol<span>
</span>ke<span> </span>kepala<span> </span>Sugriwo<span>
</span>sampai<span> </span>luka.<span> </span>Dan Sugriwo merasakan kepedihan di kepalanya
adalah kepedihan hati Subali. Keduanya<span>
</span>pergi <span> </span>munyusuri<span> </span>jalanan.<span>
</span>Sampai di<span> </span>sebuah<span> </span>taman<span>
</span>dan<span> </span>tertidur.<span> </span>Sugriwo luka di<span> </span>jidatnya<span>
</span>dan<span> </span>Subali<span> </span>berdarah di<span>
</span>kepalanya. Mereka ditemukan penjaga<span>
</span>taman<span> </span>dan diambil polisi untuk
diamankan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cerpen<span> </span>ini<span>
</span>sangat<span> </span>anakronis,<span> </span>pluralis,<span>
</span>dan<span> </span>sebuah<span> </span>pikares<span>
</span>di<span> </span>dalam<span> </span>pascamodernis. Seperti<span> </span>dalam<span>
</span>fiksi<span> </span>sejarah<span> </span>yang<span>
</span>melibatkan<span> </span>suatu<span> </span>transgesi<span>
</span>halus<span> </span>antara<span> </span>bidang<span>
</span>acuan eksternal<span> </span>dan<span> </span>bidang<span>
</span>acuan<span> </span>internal<span> </span>melalui<span>
</span>diperkenalkannya<span> </span>tokoh-tokoh<span> </span>histories<span>
</span>kedalam<span> </span>suatu<span> </span>eks<span>
</span>fiksi,<span> </span>atau <span> </span>dipaksakann ya<span>
</span>tokoh-tokoh<span> </span>fiksional<span> </span>ke<span>
</span>dalam<span> </span>situasi<span> </span>histori yang sebenarnya.<span> </span>Ini satu<span>
</span>transgesi yang diupayakan agar halus<span>
</span>dan tidak ada jahitannya, yang<span>
</span>sejauh<span> </span>mungkin<span> </span>menghindari<span>
</span>anakronisme<span> </span>dan<span> </span>yang<span>
</span>mencocokan<span> </span>struktur<span> </span>bagian dalam<span>
</span>cerita<span> </span>itu<span> </span>dengan<span>
</span>struktur<span> </span>dunia<span> </span>nyata<span>
</span>yang<span> </span>dibayanginya “khayalannya”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
cerpen pascamodernis<span> </span>melakukan<span> </span>yang<span>
</span>sebaliknya: memandang sesuatu yang di anggap tidak benar oleh
kebannyakan orang di angkat dan di dekonstruksi sehingga sesuatu yang dianggap
tidak benar bisa menjadi sesuatu yang dimaklumi karena memandang sesuatu dari
sudut pandang yang berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sugriwa-Subali
mengandung anakronisme. Tokoh-tokohnya mempunyai nama yang sama<span> </span>dengan<span>
</span>kisah<span> </span>wayan g<span> </span>Ramayana,<span>
</span>tapi<span> </span>mereka<span> </span>ditempatkan<span>
</span>di<span> </span>Jakarta,<span> </span>suka mendengarkan<span> </span>kereta<span>
</span>api<span> </span>yang<span> </span>sedang<span>
</span>melaju ,<span> </span>naik<span> </span>truk,<span>
</span>dan<span> </span>latar<span> </span>lainnya<span>
</span>yang mengindikasikan<span>
</span>kehidupan<span> </span>realitas.<span> </span>Perpaduan<span>
</span>yang<span> </span>hybrid<span> </span>ini<span>
</span>memang<span> </span>mustahil.<span> </span>Ada Subali,<span>
</span>Sugriwo,<span> </span>dan<span> </span>Hanoman<span>
</span>yang<span> </span>gambaran<span> </span>fisik<span>
</span>dan sifat<span> </span>tokoh<span> </span>itu<span>
</span>pun menyerupai tokoh<span> </span>wayang.<span> </span>Mereka<span>
</span>kembar<span> </span>atau<span> </span>bersaudara<span>
</span>sebagaimana<span> </span>dalam<span> </span>wayang,<span>
</span>mereka dekat<span> </span>dengan<span> </span>Hanoman<span>
</span>bahkan<span> </span>diangkat<span> </span>menjadi<span>
</span>anaknya.<span> </span>Anakronosme<span> </span>ite<span>
</span>telah menciptakan<span> </span>Subali<span> </span>dan<span>
</span>Sugriwo<span> </span>lahir<span> </span>di<span>
</span>tengah-tengah<span> </span>kota<span> </span>Jakarta<span>
</span>bahkan<span> </span>tinggal<span> </span>di Kali Malang.<span> </span>Kehidupannya yang miskin<span> </span>memaksa<span>
</span>dirin ya untuk menjadi<span>
</span>pencuri<span> </span>kecil-kecilan. Hal<span> </span>ini<span>
</span>dilakukan<span> </span>atas jargon<span> </span>Hanoman,<span>
</span>makan adalah<span> </span>sorga dan<span> </span>neraka<span>
</span>adalah lapar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di<span> </span>taman<span>
</span>mereka<span> </span>berkelahi<span> </span>dalam<span>
</span>mabok,<span> </span>dalam<span> </span>kerinduan<span>
</span>setelah<span> </span>sekian<span> </span>lama berpisah. Sugriwo<span> </span>yang meninggalkan<span> </span>Subali<span>
</span>dengan<span> </span>tidak sengaja, mendapat
marah dari Subali. Sugriwo<span> </span>dipukul<span> </span>dengan botol<span>
</span>minuman<span> </span>sampai luka<span> </span>jidatnya,<span>
</span>sehingga Sugriwo dapat<span>
</span>merasakan<span> </span>kepedihan<span> </span>Subali<span>
</span>yang<span> </span>ditinggal<span> </span>dirinya.<span>
</span>Perkelahian<span> </span>ini<span> </span>merupakan bentuk<span> </span>loncatan<span>
</span>dari<span> </span>pakem.<span> </span>Sugriwo<span>
</span>dan<span> </span>Subali<span> </span>yang<span>
</span>telah<span> </span>menjadi<span> </span>kera<span>
</span>itu<span> </span>berkelahi memperebutkan<span> </span>sebuah<span>
</span>pusaka<span> </span>hingga<span> </span>kematian<span>
</span>Sugriwo.<span> </span>Dalam<span> </span>cerpen<span>
</span>ini<span> </span>mereka justru<span> </span>semakin<span>
</span>mesra<span> </span>dengan<span> </span>perkelahian<span>
</span>itu,<span> </span>dengan<span> </span>masing-masing<span>
</span>luka<span> </span>di<span> </span>kepalanya. Mereka<span> </span>digaruk<span>
</span>polisi<span> </span>atas laporan<span> </span>penjaga taman,<span> </span>sebagai<span>
</span>warga yan g<span> </span>melanggar<span> </span>hokum karena<span>
</span>mabok<span> </span>di<span> </span>tempat<span>
</span>umum.<span> </span>Betapa<span> </span>mesranya<span>
</span>kedua<span> </span>saudara<span> </span>ini<span>
</span>dalam<span> </span>luka<span> </span>di kepalanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Ya…luka<span> </span>yang<span>
</span>dalam<span> </span>sekali…Bali…pedihmu<span> </span>ada<span> </span>di<span> </span>kenin gku…”<span>
</span>sebuah<span> </span>botol pecah<span> </span>lagi.<span>
</span>Kali<span> </span>ini<span> </span>kepala<span>
</span>Subali<span> </span>mengucurkan<span> </span>darah.<span>
</span>Lalu<span> </span>gelak<span> </span>tawa<span>
</span>terdengar meledak lagi. “Kita pulang Wok…?” “Ya…kita harus pulang Li….”(CSS,12
2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pluralitas<span> </span>dari teks pascamodernis<span> </span>sebagian<span>
</span>nampak dalam semakin<span>
</span>kaburnya<span> </span>garis-garis<span> </span>yang memisahkan kutub-kutub biner<span> </span>yang diterima secara umum. Di<span> </span>satu pihak jika kita membayangkan<span> </span>baik<span>
</span>maka di pihak lain<span> </span>tentulah<span> </span>yang buruk.<span>
</span>Dalam cerpen<span> </span>ini<span> </span>yang baik<span>
</span>dan<span> </span>yang<span> </span>buruk<span>
</span>menjadi<span> </span>padu.<span> </span>Menjadi<span>
</span>sulit<span> </span>untuk<span> </span>mengambil<span>
</span>salah<span> </span>satunya dipisahkan<span> </span>dalam<span>
</span>diri<span> </span>kedua<span> </span>tokoh<span>
</span>itu.<span> </span>Sugriwo<span> </span>adalah<span>
</span>penjahat<span> </span>yang<span> </span>merajai<span>
</span>dunia hitam,<span> </span>pemabuk,<span> </span>pezinah<span>
</span>demikian<span> </span>juga<span> </span>Subali<span>
</span>mempunyai<span> </span>masa<span> </span>lalu<span>
</span>yang<span> </span>kelam<span> </span>yang juga<span>
</span>masih<span> </span>suka<span> </span>mabuk.<span>
</span>Segala<span> </span>keburukan<span> </span>itu<span>
</span>tidak<span> </span>mempengaruhi<span> </span>diri<span>
</span>mereka<span> </span>untuk tetap<span> </span>saling<span>
</span>menyayangi<span> </span>dan<span> </span>merindukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mereka<span> </span>mempunyai<span>
</span>cara<span> </span>sendiri<span> </span>dalam menumpahkan <span> </span>rindu<span>
</span>itu.<span> </span>Mereka<span> </span>saling<span>
</span>menyakiti<span> </span>untuk<span> </span>menyamakan<span>
</span>rasa<span> </span>pedih<span> </span>dan rindu<span>
</span>itu.<span> </span>Dalam<span> </span>diri mereka<span>
</span>ketika<span> </span>bersama-sama<span> </span>tak<span>
</span>tampak<span> </span>kejahatan<span> </span>itu,<span>
</span>tak<span> </span>tampakpula<span> </span>kebaikan<span>
</span>itu.<span> </span>Semua<span> </span>menjadi<span>
</span>plural,<span> </span>berbaur<span> </span>dalam<span>
</span>sifat-sifat<span> </span>ganjil,<span> </span>seperti<span>
</span>halnya sebuah<span> </span>demokrasi yang
berkelahi dengan<span> </span>fair<span> </span>play<span>
</span>tanpa<span> </span>dendamd alam bentuk<span> </span>panggung yang lain. Kita bisa melihat
perilaku kedua saudara itu sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Tidak,<span> </span>aku<span>
</span>han ya<span> </span>memelukmu,<span> </span>aku…”<span>
</span>Sugriwo<span> </span>tegak,<span> </span>tapi<span>
</span>rebah<span> </span>lagi.<span> </span>Bibirnya memaki.<span> </span>Botol<span>
</span>kosong<span> </span>melayang<span> </span>dari<span>
</span>tangan<span> </span>Subali.<span> </span>Dan<span>
</span>…”<span> </span>Uh..”<span> </span>Sugriwo menangis<span> </span>pilu. “Sepedih<span> </span>inikah<span>
</span>hatimu<span> </span>Bali…?<span> </span>Subali<span>
</span>mengusapnya. “Oh ..Kau<span> </span>ini luka<span> </span>Wok,<span>
</span>pedih<span> </span>Wok?”<span> </span>“Oh,<span>
</span>Griwo…lukakah<span> </span>Kau…?”<span> </span>“<span>
</span>Ya…luka<span> </span>yang<span> </span>dalam sekali…Bali…pedihmu…ada di keningku…”(CSS,122)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tokoh-tokoh<span> </span>yang<span>
</span>dipaksa<span> </span>untuk<span> </span>bertahan<span>
</span>hidup<span> </span>dengan<span> </span>caranya<span>
</span>sendiri,<span> </span>dalam<span> </span>proses biasanya<span> </span>dengan<span>
</span>menahan<span> </span>penderitaan<span> </span>dan<span>
</span>penghin aan.<span> </span>Seperti Sugriwo<span> </span>dan<span>
</span>Subali<span> </span>dihajar<span> </span>satpam<span>
</span>ketika <span> </span>mencuri<span> </span>paku<span>
</span>untuk<span> </span>modal<span> </span>makan<span>
</span>hari<span> </span>itu. Mereka dihinakan<span> </span>sampai babak belur. Hal itu belum cukup,
gadis<span> </span>Jilah yang<span> </span>merupakan sorga<span> </span>baru<span>
</span>bagi<span> </span>kedua<span> </span>saudara<span>
</span>itu<span> </span>telah<span> </span>direbut<span>
</span>penjual<span> </span>es<span> </span>Karena<span>
</span>mempunyai<span> </span>modal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subali<span> </span>dan<span>
</span>Sugriwo<span> </span>punya<span> </span>cara<span>
</span>tersendiri<span> </span>untuk<span> </span>membalas<span>
</span>dendam<span> </span>itu.<span> </span>Jilah<span>
</span>kecil<span> </span>itudi telanjangi dan
dibiarkan menangis dalam rasa malu. Kedua<span>
</span>tokoh<span> </span>anti<span> </span>hero<span>
</span>ini<span> </span>tidak<span> </span>mendamaikan<span>
</span>diri<span> </span>mereka<span> </span>sendiri<span>
</span>dengan<span> </span>dunia yang<span> </span>keras<span>
</span>dan<span> </span>memperdaya<span> </span>ini<span>
</span>dengan<span> </span>menyesuaikan<span> </span>diri.<span>
</span>Kedua<span> </span>tokoh<span> </span>ini<span>
</span>terkatung-katung<span> </span>dalam<span> </span>ketidakpastian.<span> </span>Mereka<span>
</span>mabuk<span> </span>di<span> </span>mana<span>
</span>saja<span> </span>dan<span> </span>tidur<span>
</span>di<span> </span>mana<span> </span>saja<span> </span>dan
digelandang<span> </span>polisi<span> </span>kapan<span>
</span>saja.<span> </span>Mereka<span> </span>tak <span> </span>punya<span>
</span>sesuatu<span> </span>yan g<span> </span>mapan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidup<span> </span>seperti kereta api yang terus berjalan,
berputar, dari rel ke rel yang itu-itu juga. Subali menyusuri<span> </span>rel<span>
</span>kereta. Bertanya<span> </span>pada<span> </span>koral-koral yan g<span> </span>kaku bisu<span>
</span>di sepanjang rel.<span>
</span>Dikuakkannya<span> </span>ilalang<span> </span>Disibaknya<span>
</span>gerumbul<span> </span>semak.<span> </span>Kalau-kalau<span>
</span>ada<span> </span>mayat Sugriwo ditemukan.
Diperhatikannya setiap trukyang lalu lalang….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">”Sugriwo<span> </span>besar<span>
</span>dan<span> </span>hidup<span> </span>di<span>
</span>pasar<span> </span>induk<span> </span>kota,<span>
</span>Menghirup<span> </span>udara<span> </span>kota<span>
</span>kecil<span> </span>itu, Melangkahi<span> </span>hari-hari<span>
</span>bersama<span> </span>pencolen.<span> </span>Mencari<span>
</span>kehangatan<span> </span>pada<span> </span>perempuan malam….Dialah gembong pen coleng
kota itu. Dialah raja hitam.(CSS,119)”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tokoh-tokoh<span> </span>ini<span>
</span>bisa<span> </span>ditafsirkan<span> </span>sebagai<span>
</span>tokoh yang<span> </span>perannya tidak untuk
menginterpretasi atau mencocokan<span>
</span>kedalam<span> </span>dunia<span> </span>yang di dalamnya ternyata mereka<span> </span>sendiri<span>
</span>hidup,<span> </span>tetapi<span> </span>justru<span>
</span>untuk<span> </span>menunjukan<span> </span>eksistensi<span>
</span>dari<span> </span>suatu<span> </span>pluralitas dunia.<span> </span>Ada<span>
</span>dunia<span> </span>yang terombang-ambing<span> </span>antara<span>
</span>dendam<span> </span>yang<span> </span>harus<span>
</span>membunuh dengan rasa rindu yang harus memeluk. Ada dunia yang saling
bicara namun tidak paham terhadap apa yang dibicarakan. Dalam<span> </span>budaya<span>
</span>pascamodern,<span> </span>kata<span> </span>Lyotard(1984,<span>
</span>3<span> </span>),<span> </span>tidak<span>
</span>peduli<span> </span>cara penggabungannya,<span> </span>tidak<span>
</span>peduli<span> </span>apakah<span> </span>itu<span>
</span>sesu atu<span> </span>narasi<span> </span>spekulatif<span>
</span>atau<span> </span>suatu<span> </span>narasi besar<span>
</span>itu<span> </span>sudah<span> </span>kehilangan<span>
</span>kredibilitasnya.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lyotard(1984)<span> </span>menyebut mikronarasi, potongan narasi yang
merup akan gejala dari keragu-raguan metanarasi. Pada<span> </span>cerita<span>
</span>ini<span> </span>dekonstruksi<span> </span>terus-menerus<span>
</span>berjalan.<span> </span>Ide<span> </span>tentang<span>
</span>perjalanan hidup adalah nasib,<span>
</span>garis<span> </span>kepastian<span> </span>adalah<span>
</span>bahan tertawaan<span> </span>yang<span> </span>enak.<span>
</span>Krepa<span> </span>menyebut perang<span> </span>bukan sebagai<span>
</span>nasib<span> </span>atau<span> </span>garis<span>
</span>kepastian,<span> </span>tetapi<span> </span>sebuah<span>
</span>pikiran<span> </span>bodoh<span> </span>untuk<span>
</span>menutupi ketidakmampuan berpikir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasib
patut untuk dipertan yakan kembali, nasib adalah sesuatu yang patut
ditertawakan jika hanya padanya semua bergantung. Tentang<span> </span>siapa<span>
</span>yang<span> </span>benar<span> </span>pun<span>
</span>terus-menerus<span>
</span>didekonstruksi.<span> </span>Jika<span> </span>selama<span>
</span>ini<span> </span>penjahat, pemabuk, pencuri
& pemalak selalu<span> </span>di pandang sebagai
orang yang salah dan pantas dihukum seberat-beratnya dan kalau perlu dibuang
kelaut tetapi dalam<span> </span>cerpen<span> </span>ini<span>
</span>semua<span> </span>dipertan yakan<span> </span>kembali, dan inilah yang disebut dengan
dekonstruksi.<span> </span>Dalam dekonstruksi Semua
dijawab<span> </span>dengan<span> </span>alasan<span>
</span>yang<span> </span>dalam<span> </span>sudut<span>
</span>pandang<span> </span>tertentu<span> </span>dapat<span>
</span>diterima<span> </span>dengan<span> </span>logis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penutup<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Jean Francois Lyotard, postmodern merupakan upaya untuk memutuskan hubungan
dengan tradisi modern dengan cara memunculkan cara-cara kehidupan dan pemikiran
yang baru sama sekali. Pemutusan dengan masalalu (jama modern) merupakan jalan
untuk melupakan dan merepresi masalalu. Dalam pandangan modernisme, ilmu
pengetahuan berkembang sebagai pemenuhan keinginan untuk keluar dari
mitos-mitos yang digunakan masyarakat primitif menjelaskan fenomena alam, dan
modernitas adalah proyek intelektual yang mencari kesatuan berdasarkan fondasi
sebagai jalan menuju kemajuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
cerpen pascamodernis sugriwo-subali melakukan<span>
</span>yang<span> </span>sebaliknya: memandang
sesuatu yang di anggap tidak benar oleh kebannyakan orang dan di dekonstruksi
sehingga sesuatu yang dianggap tidak benar bisa menjadi sesuatu yang dimaklumi
karena memandang sesuatu dari sudut pandang yang berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Allen,
Pamela.<span> </span>2004. Membaca dan<span> </span>Membaca<span>
</span>Lagi(terjemahan<span> </span>oleh bakdi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumanto).
Indonesiatera. Tanggerang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/45922087/Postmodern-is-Me-Dalam-Pandangan-Jean-Francois-Lyotard<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nugroho,
Yanusa. 2002.<span> </span>Segulung Cerita Tua.
Jakarta: Buku Kompas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sarup,
Madan.<span> </span>2003. Post-stucturalism and
Postmoder<span> </span>(diterjemahkan oleh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Medhy
Aginta). Jendela. Yogyakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-59862009261727134112012-06-19T21:50:00.000-07:002012-06-19T21:50:14.661-07:00Teori Struktur Levi Strauss terhadap Mitos Raja Malwopati<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Teori
Struktur Levi Strauss</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> terhadap Mitos Raja Malwopati<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Oleh : joko yulianto<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Teori struktur levi strauss adalah teori yang mempelajari tentang mitos
yang terjadi di suatu masyarakat, teori </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Levi Strauss menganggap bahwa berbagai
aktivitas sosial dan hasilnya seperti misalnya dongeng, upacara-upacara, sistem
kekerabatan dan perkawinan, pola tempat tinggal, pakaian, dan sebagainya
semuanya dapat dikatakan sebagai bahasa atau lebih tepatnya merupakan perangkat
tanda dan simbol yang menyampaikan pesan-pesan tertentu.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Teori levi strauss ini mencoba membaca pesan-pesan yang terkandung
dalam mitos raja malowopati. Dari cerita atau mitos yang terkandung dalam
cerita angling darma terdapat beberapa pesan yang ingin disampaikan. Yang
pertama adalah pesan adat atau kepercayaan yang menyebabkan dewi setyowati rela
berkorban untuk masuk kedalam kobaran api, kedua pesan ketika seorang menjadi
pemimpin harus bersikap bijak, yang ketiga adalah nilai tentaang sebuah janji
dan kesetiaan yang mengakibatkan sang prabu angling darma dikutuk menjadi
burung belibis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Teori Struktur levi Strauss<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Secara umum, istilah strukturalisme banyak dikenal dalam
Filsafat Sosial. Filsafat Eropa modern sering menyebut bahwa strukturalisme
adalah sebuah fenomena sosial. Lebih lanjut dikatakan bahwa fenomena itu tidak
peduli seberapa dangkal ragam wujudnya. Secara singkat, strukturalisme adalah
fenomena social yang secara internal dihubungkan dan diatur sesuai dengan
beberapa pola yang tidak disadari.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hubungan-hubungan internal dan pola merupakan struktur,
dan mengungkap struktur-struktur ini adalah objek studi </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">levis strauss</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">p</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">ada umumnya, sebuah struktur
bersifat utuh, transformasional, dan meregulasi diri sendiri (<i>self-regulatory</i>).
Strukturalisme adalah metodologi yang menekankan struktur daripada substansi
dan hubungan dari</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">pada hal</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Hal ini menyatakan bahwa sesuatu selalu
keluar hanya sebagai elemen dari penanda suatu sistem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Metodologi Struktural sesungguhnya berasal
dari struktural linguistik dari Saussure, yang menggambarkan bahwa bahasa
sebagai sebuah tanda dari aturan sistem sosial. Baru pada tahun
1940, ia mengusulkan bahwa fokus yang tepat penyelidikan antropologi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> harus</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">dapat</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> mendasari
pola-pola pemikiran manusia yang menghasilkan kategori budaya yang mengatur
pandangan dunia sampai sekarang. Kemudian pada tahun 1960, Claude
Levi-Strauss melanjutkan metodologi ini, tidak hanya untuk
antropologi (strukturalisme antropologi) tetapi memang</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dipakai</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> untuk penanda semua sistem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Levi-Strauss dianggap sebagai pendiri
strukturalisme modern. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Karena m</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">elalui
karyanya</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">-karyanya lah</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">, strukturalisme menjadi tren intelektual </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">ter</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">utama di Eropa Barat, khususnya Perancis, dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">cara pandang levi-strauss </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">sangat mempengaruhi studi tentang ilmu </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">antropologi dengan ilmu-ilmu yang
lainnya yang terus berkembang</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ahli antropologi mungkin menemukan proses berpikir yang
mendasari perilaku manusia dengan memeriksa hal-hal seperti kekerabatan, mitos,
dan bahasa. Lebih lanjut, bahwa ada realitas tersembunyi di balik semua
ekspresi budaya. Selanjutnya strukturalis bertujuan untuk memahami makna
yang mendasari pemikiran manusia yang terungkap melalui aktivitas
budaya. Pada dasarnya, unsur-unsur budaya yang tidak jelas dalam dan dari
dirinya sendiri, melainkan merupakan bagian dari sistem yang berarti. Sebagai
model analitis, strukturalisme menganggap universalitas proses pemikiran
manusia dalam upaya untuk menjelaskan “struktur dalam” atau makna yang
mendasari yang ada dalam fenomena budaya.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sebagai suatu aliran pemikiran baru dalam
antropologi, struturalisme memiliki sejumlah asumsi dasar yang berbeda dengan
aliran pemikiran lain dalam antropologi. Strukturalisme Levi Strauss menganggap
bahwa berbagai aktivitas sosial dan hasilnya seperti misalnya dongeng,
upacara-upacara, sistem kekerabatan dan perkawinan, pola tempat tinggal,
pakaian, dan sebagainya semuanya dapat dikatakan sebagai bahasa (Lane dalam
Ahimsa-Putra, 2001: 67) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Levi Strauss (dalam Endraswara, 2005:215) menyatakan
bahwa dalam pandangan struktural, akan mampu melihat fenomena sosial budaya
yang mengekspresikan seni, ritual, dan pola-pola kehidupan. Hal ini merupakan
representasi struktur luar yang akan menggambarkan dalam <span> </span><i>human
mind</i>. Dalam kaitan ini Levi Strauss (dalam Endraswara, 2005:232)
menjelaskan bahwa dalam mitos terdapat hubungan unit-unit (yang merupakan
struktur) yang tidak terisolasi, tetapi merupakan kesatuan relasi-relasi
hubungan tersebut dapat dikombinasikan dan digunakan untuk mengungkap makna di
balik mitos itu. Dalam kaitan ini, analisis mitos seperti hanya mempelajari
sinar-sinar terbias ke dalam <i>mitem</i>
dan <i>sekuen</i> yang kemudian dipadukan ke
dalam struktur tunggal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam analisisnya terhadap mitos (dongeng),
Levi Strauss banyak terpengaruh oleh ilmu bahasa. Terdapat beberapa asumsi
mengapa bahasa dijadikan sebagai landasan memahami mitos. Pertama, dongeng,
upacara-upacara, sistem kekerabatan dan perkawinan, pola tempat tinggal,
pakaian, dan sebagainya, secara formal dianggap sebagai bahasa-bahasa, atau
perangkat simbol dan tanda-tanda yang menyampaikan pesan tertentu. Oleh karena
itu, terdapat ketertataan (order) dan keterulangan (regularitas). Kedua,
penganut strukturalisme beranggapan bahwa dalam diri manusia terdapat kemampuan
dasar yang diwariskan secara genetis, yang srukturing atau kemampuan
menstruktur, menyusun suatu struktur pada gejala-gejala yang dihadapi.
Kemampuan ini membuat manusia seolah-olah melihat struktur di balik gejala.
Seseorang ahli bahasa dapat menganalisis struktur suatu </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">b</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">ahasa dengan baik, namun, ketika ia berbicara ia secara
tidak </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">langsung </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">membuat struktur bahasa yang tidak disadari
bagaimana susunannya. Ketiga, dalam memahami suatu gejala, aspek sinkronis
ditempatkan mendahului aspek diakronis. Keempat, relasi-relasi yang berada
dalam struktur dapat disederhanakan lag</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> menjadi
oposisi berpasangan (oposisi biner). Oosisi ini dapat dikelompokkan menjadi
oposisi biner yang tidak inklusif misalnya menikah dan tidak menikah, dan oposisi
yang eksklusif misalnya siang dan malam (Ahimsa-Putra, 2001 65-70).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Levi
Strauss (dalam Ahimsa-Putra, 2001: 94) menetapkan landasan analisis struktural
terhadap mitos. Pertama, bahwa jika memang mitos dipandang sebagai sesuatu yang
bermakna, maka itu tidaklah terdapat pada unsur-unsurnya yang berdiri sendiri,
yang terpisah satu dengan yang lain. Cara mengkombinasikan unsur-unsur mitos
inilah yang menjadi tempa keberadaan makna. Kedua, walaupun mitos termasuk
dalam kategori bahasa, namun mitos bukanlah sekedar bahasa. Artinya, hanya
ciri-ciri tertentu saja dari mitos yang bertemu dengan ciri-ciri bahasa. Oleh
karena itu, bahasa, mitos memperlihatkan ciri-ciri tertentu. Ketiga, ciri-ciri
ini da</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">p</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">at kita temukan bukan pada tingkat bahasa itu
sendiri tetapi di atasnya. Ciri-ciri tersebut lebih rumit dan lebih kompleks,
daripada ciri-ciri bahasa.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Legenda Raja Malwopati<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kisah </span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kerajaan Malawapati yang dipimpin
seorang raja bernama Prabu Angling Dharma</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Selain itu beliau juga dikenal sebagai seorang raja
yang arif dan bijaksana juga tersohor bisa menundukan bangsa jin.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tersohor juga dengan berbagai macam benda pusaka
peninggalanya seperti : Keris Polang Geni, Panah Pasopati, dan lain sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pusat pemerintahan
Malawapati sendiri konon berada di daerah bernama Bojanegara (sekarang
Kabupaten Bojonegoro). kisah Angling Dharma sudah menjadi hal yang sangat dekat
dengan warga Bojonegoro. Entah sejak kapan, yang jelas pendapa Kabupaten
Bojonegoro sendiri dinamai sesuai nama kerajaan yang dipimpin oleh Prabu Angling
Dharma, Pendapa Malawapati</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">, ruang batik madrim,</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Persibo, klub sepakbola Kabupaten
Bojonegoro, juga mendapat julukan Laskar Angling Dharma</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">, sampai tempat
wisata/ tempat berlibur untuk keluarga juga di beri nama meliwis pitih yang
semuanya ada hubungannya dengan cerita angling dharma</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">. Terakhir dan paling hangat, pemerintah
daerah setempat berencana membangun sebuah museum sekaligus monumen di Desa
Wotangare, Kecamatan Kalitidu, Kabupaten Bojonegoro, yang dipercaya dahulu
menjadi daerah pusat pemerintahan Kerajaan Malowopati</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">, yang sekarang
ada bekas bagunan kuno yang di yakini sebagai bagunan pada masa itu</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bojonegoro sendiri bukan
tanpa alasan menyebut Malawapati berada di wilayah administratifnya. Dua situs
utama diyakini ada hubungannya dengan mitos Angling Dharma yakni Petilasan
Angling Dharma di Wotangare yang akan dibangun muse</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">u</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">m</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <span lang="IN">Di situs</span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> tersebut</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ditemukan banyak benda purbakala yang
menurut balai sejarah merupakan sisa benda zaman</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">sebelum</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">m</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">ajapahit. Pelacakan kebenaran peristiwa (atau mitos) Angling
Dharma sendiri sebenarnya layak untuk didiskusikan. </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Orang-</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">orang Bojonegoro memiliki ke</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">yakinan</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> bahwa Angling Dharma ada disana. Orang Bojonegoro menyakini bahwa
mereka adalah keturunan malwopati.</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sebagian masyarakat meyakini bahwa kisah
Mahabarata benar-benar terjadi di tanah Jawa. Prabu Angling Dharma juga dikisahkan
merupakan keturunan </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">e tujuh dari si tampan Arjuna. Juga merupakan cucu dari
Jayabaya. Kalau naskah sejarah paling dipercaya tentang Jawa masa lampau (Babad
Tanah Jawi), nama Jayabaya dapat ditemukan dan “ada”, maka yang agak aneh
adalah kepercayaan bahwa Angling Dharma juga merupakan keturunan Arjuna yang
hanya ada di dunia pewayangan dapat “lahir” ke dunia nyata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kepercayaan mendalam sekumpulan
masyarakat dapat disebut sebagai ekspresi identitas yang melekat dalam
masyarakat tersebut. Kepercayaan masyarakat Bojonegoro yang lekat dengan
Bojanegara</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">inilah yang menjadi pijakan untuk mengkaji mitos Angling
Dharma di Bojonegoro. Pada tahap inilah mungkin dilakukan usaha demotologisasi.
Demitologisasi di sini penulis artikan sebagai sebuah upaya untuk melakukan
pengejaan kembali sebuah mitos dan menemukan nilai-nilai historis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Identitas Angling Dharma dan
Malowopati sendiri kini terlanjur menempel erat dengan sejarah Bojonegoro
sendiri. Namun, sekali lagi, perdebatan sejarah hanya akan membuat diskursus
ini tumpul saat teks baik berupa prasasti ataupun perkamen sejarah lain terkait
Angling Dharma dapat ditemukan. Kesepakatan kolektif masyarakat sendiri sampai
mengkultuskan Angling Dharma sebagai sosok idaman orang tua saat “menetek”
anak-cucunya. Selain tampan, beliau juga bijak dalam mengambil segala
keputusan. Hal tersebut tergambar jelas di kisah dalam serial televisi Angling
Dharma. Dikisahkan juga bahwa Raja pertama Malowopati tersebut juga dapat
mengenal dan menguasai bahasa hewan l</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">aya</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">knya Nabi Sulaiman AS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dari beberapa literature</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> yang ada</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">,
memang Prabu Angling Dharma pernah bersinggah di Bojonegoro saat mengalami masa
hukuman dan kutukan menjadi burung Belibis. Beliau dihukum oleh Dewi Uma dan
Dewi Ratih karena melanggar janji sendiri untuk tidak menikah lagi sebagai wujud
cintanya kepada Dewi Setyowati yang mati bunuh diri. Dianggap melanggar janji
saat Dewi Uma dan Dewi Ratih menguji keteguhan janji itu dengan cara menyamar
menjadi nenek-nenek dan gadis cantik menyerupai Dewi Setyowati. Dan
runtuhlahlah iman sang Prabu. Kemudian beliau dikutuk kedua kalinya oleh putri
cantik dan pemakan manusia sebagai burung Belibis. Dan pada perjalanan
selanjutnya sampailah beliau di Wonosari, Bojonegoro dan kisah selanjutnya
beliau memperistri Dewi Srenggono, Trusilo, dan Mayangkusuno dan kemudian
mempunyai beberapa putra. Akan tetapi belum diketahui secara pasti apakah sang
Prabu menetap di M</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">lowopati
sampai akhir hayat atau tidak. Sehingga sampai saat ini masih menjadi
perdebatan yang panjang perihal letak makam Prabu Angling Dharma.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Synopsis cerita angling darma <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Angling darma adalah seorang raja muda yang tampan serta gagah perkasa
serta arif dan bijaksana, karena kearifannya ini beliau dihormati dan dijunjung
oleh masyarakatnya. Pada suatu hari raja angligdarma berburu dihutan dan ketika
berburu angling darma memanah seekor kijang dan kijang itu berlari sampai sendang,
ketika sang prabu anglingdarma melihat seorang gadis yang lagi mandi disendang,
gadis tersebut adalah dewi setyowati yang merupakan anak dari bengawan manik
sutra yang disegani di daerah itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ketika melihat dewi setyowati yang cantik sang perabu merasa tertarik
dan jatuh cinta kepada dewi setyowati. Ketika dewisetyowati didekati oleh sang
prabu dewi setyowati merasa takut karena melihat sang perabu dengan bala
tentaranya, dewi setyowati takut kalau mereka menyakitinya. Ketika dewi
setyowati melihat sang prabu dan pelajuritnya mendekat dewi setyowati berlari
pulang. Sag prabu yang tertarik oleh kecantikan dewi setyowati sang prabu
berusaha mengejarnya, ketika sampai dirumah sang perabu berusaha memperkenalkan
diri di depan bengawan manik sutra, mengetahui hal itu batik madrim yang
merupakan anak angkat bengawan manik sutra berusaha menantang sang prabu
angling darma dan jika sang prabu menang dia diizinkan mempersunting dewi
setyowati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Setelah terjadi pertempuran sang prabu angling darma memenangkan
pertempuran itu tetapi dewi setyawati belum mau menerima sang prabu, dengan
berbagai cara sang prabu berusaha mendekati dewi setyawati ahirnya dewi
setyowati menerima pinangan sang prabu dengan sarat sang prabu harus setia
dengan dewi setyawati dan tidak boleh memperistri wanita lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sudah satu tahun sang prabu meperistri dewi setyawati namun dewi
setyawati belum mau melayani sang prabu sebagai istri, namun sang prabu masih
tetap sabar, sutu hari dewi setyowati melihat kemampuan prabu anglingdarma yang
memiliki ajian “aji ginem” ilmu yang dapat berbicara dengan hewan dewi
setyowati ingin menguasai dan memilikinya tetapi prabu angling darma sudah
dipesan oleh gurunya untuk tidak boleh menurunkan ilmu itu pada orang lain.
Tetapi dewi setyowati tidak dapat menerima alasan itu dan dewi setyowati
mengancam akan bunuh diri. Tetapi sang prabu tetap tidak bisa memenuhi
permintaan istrinya dan sebagai bukti cintanya sang prabu rela mati membakar
diri bersama istrinya. Ahirnya sang prabu meminta para pengawalnya menyiapkan
api besar dan ketika sang prabu dan dewi setyawati igin melompat kedalam api
sang prabu mendengarkan percakapan dua pasang kambing kalu kambing betina ingin
agar kambing jantan mengambilkan janur yang terpasang di pangung untuk melompat
keapi tetapi kambing jantan tidakmau, dan kambing betina mengancam akan ikut
bunuhdiri membakar diri bersama dewi setyowati tetapi kambing hitam menjawab
“kalau kamu ingin mati menerjunkan diri keapi, terjunlah. Aku tidak ingin
menuruti permintaan istri yang sesat seperti praabu angling darma” karena
mendengar percakapan kedua kambing itu sang prabu sadar dan tidak mau melompat
di kobaran api. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Setelah beberapa tahun sang prabu hidup sendiri karena dia sudah
berjanji setia pada istrinya tetapi ketika ia melakukan pengembaraan beliau di
goda oleh nenek dan cucunya yang cantik mirip dewi setyowati, setelah sang
nenek dan cucunya mencoba mengoyahkan iman sang prabu ahirnya hati sang prabu
luluh, karena itu sang prabu dikutuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Analisis structural:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Episode satu (paragraph 1-3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dari episode pertama ini mengisahkan tentang pertemuan awal antara prabu
anglingdarma dengan dewi setyowati, dalam episode ini juga menceritakan tentang
perjuangannya prabu angling darama untuk mempersunting dewi setyawati. Dalam
perkenalan awalnya dewi setyawati tidak begitu tertarik dengan sang prabu
angling darama, dan ditambah lagi persaratan untuk menyunting dewi setyowati
yang harus bisa mengalahkan batik madrim dan ditambah syarat-syarat dari dewi
setyowati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">PA = prabu ngling darma adalah seorang raja yang baik dan sakti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">DS = dewi setyowati adalah seorang gadis yang dipersunting oleh sang
raja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Episode dua (paragraph ke 4-5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Episode ke dua ini menceritakan tentang kisah kehidupan sang prabu
angling darma setelah menikai dewi setyowati sampai dewi setyowati meningeal
membakar diri. Dalam pernikahannya prabu angling darma dengan dewi setyowati
selama beberapa tahun dewi setyowati tidak melaksanakan tugasnya sebagai
seorang istri. Dari kisah ini kita bisa menilai klo prabu angling darma adalah
seorang raja yang baik dan tidak mau memaksa kehendaknya sendiri. Sebagai
seorang raja jika ia bisa melakukan apapun tetapi sang prabu pemiliki prinsip
hubungan suami istri itu harus lah dilandasi dari prinsip kerelaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Episode ketiga (paragraph ke 5- selesai)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span> </span>Episode ketiga ini
menceritakan tentang perjalanan dan kejadian-kejadian yang dialami prabu
angling daarma setelah kematian dewi setyawati, dalam perjalanan hidupnya
angling darma sering mendapatkan cobaan, suatu hari ia mendapatkan cobaan
kesetiaan/ janji nya terhadap dewi setyowati yang ternyata sang prabu tergoda
dan dinilai telah melanggar janjinya yang pada ahirnya dia dikutuk oleh seorang
nenek-nenek…!!!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Penerapan teori levi strauss
secara umum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Jika kita melihat cerita rakyat yang ada tentang kisah prabu angling
dharma dengan kerajaan malwopatinya di lihat dari segi geografisnya, sosiologisnya
dan kosmologisnya ada kemungkinan tokoh angling darma adalah tokoh nyata karena
di setiap caritanya ada situs, rangkaian carita besar yang saling berkaitan
serta memiliki pelajaran sosiologis yang sangat besar dan bardampak secara ekonomi.
Secara geografis cerita angling darma yang dapat menaklukkan dan merebut benda
pusaka panah pasopati memiliki kedekatan geografis degan asalmula cerita panah
pasopati yang barada di solo serta ditemukannya catatan-catatan surat yang
menyebutkan nama angling dharma dari peninggalan-peninggalan raja-raja
terdahulu maka besarkemungkinan raja angling darma itu benar-benar ada, jika
dilihat dari cerita angling dharma yang berada di bojonegoro degan
keyakinannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tataran tekno ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">cerita angling darma jika dilihat dari tataran ekonomi maka bisa dilihat
kalau kerajaan malwopati itu barada di daerah penuh dengan hutan dan pertanian
karena seluruh ceritanya ada di hutan dan kondisi masyarakatnya adalah hutan
dan pinggiran hutan yang sekarang menjadi pertani dan itu semua cocok dengan
kondisi geografis di bojonegoro. Angling darma sebagai seorang raja ia
mendapatkan upeti dari rakyatnya, bahkan dalam cerita ketika rakyatnya dalam
kondisi kesusahan/ hasil panennya menrun beliau juga bersikap bijak dengan
tidak mengambil upeti dari rakyatnya. Karena sikapnya yang bijak dan pengertian
terhadap kondisi rakyatnya angling darma dikenal sebagai sosok raja yang
bijaksana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mitos dan Kosmologis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Cerita angling darma memiliki nilai-nilai mitos yang agung, agung karena
nilai yang terkandung dalam cerita angling darma adalah nilai terhadap sumpah
dan janji. Sang prabu berjanji untuk setia kepada dewi setyowati yang merupakan
putri orang suci ”resik” namun seiring berjalannya waktu sang prabu angling
darma masih tetap setia dengan dewi setyowati<span>
</span>yang telah mati membakar diri tetapi ketika beliau di coba/diuji oleh
dewi umam dan dewi ratih yang menyamar sebagai seorang nenek-nenek dan cucunya
yang mirip dengan dewi setyowati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ketika sang <span> </span>prabu
melihat kecantikan gadis yang mirip dengan dewi setyowati tersebut didalam hati
sang prabu timbul rasa cinta terhadap gadis itu teapi sang prabu masih tetap
berusaha untuk setia pada dewi ratih, sang prabu masih berusaha untuk menepati
janjinya untuk tidak menikah lagi, selama bertahun-tahun sang prabu masih tetap
menjaga komitmennya. Tetapi ketika sang nenek mengetahui jika didalam hati sang
prabu timbul rasa cinta terhadap gadis yang mirip dwi setyowati tersebut sang
nenek mengunakan segala tipu muslihatnya yang pada ahirnya runtuhlah iman sang
prabu angling darma dan sang prabu menerima pinangan sang nenek ketika sang
prabu menerima pinangannya nenek dan gadis yang mirip dengan dwi setyowati
tersebut berubah ke wujud aslinya sebagai dewi umam dan dewi ratih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Prabu angling darma di kecam sebagai raja yang tidak
menepati janjinya dan kemudian </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Beliau dihukum oleh Dewi Uma dan Dewi Ratih
karena melanggar janji sendiri untuk tidak menikah lagi sebagai wujud cintanya
kepada Dewi Setyowati yang mati bunuh diri. Dianggap melanggar janji saat Dewi
Uma dan Dewi Ratih menguji keteguhan janji itu dengan cara menyamar menjadi
nenek-nenek dan gadis cantik menyerupai Dewi Setyowati. Kemudian beliau dikutuk
kedua kalinya oleh seorang putri raksasa yang cantik dan pemakan manusia
sebagai burung Belibis.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tataran sosiologis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dari cerita raja angling darma tersebut kita bisa menilai gambaran
kehidupan masyarakatnya adalah masyarakat yang patuh terhadap kerajan itu bisa
dilihat dari wibawa sang prabu angling darma sebagai sosok raja yang bijaksana
dan dermawan sehingga rakyatnya pun mengagumi dan mengidolakan sang raja. Selain
itu kita juga bisa menilai kalau pada zaman itu adalah zaman yang masih
memegang teguh adat yang berlaku dan itu bisa dilihat dari peristiwa membakar
diri dewi setyowati, walaupun ada beberapa versi atas alasan dewi setyawati
membakar diri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dari penerapan teori levi strauss terhadap mitos raja angling darma ini
kita mendapatkan beberapa pesan yang ingin disampaikan dari cerita atau kisah
angling darma ini yang pertama adalah untuk menjaga komitmen, janji yang telah
di buat agar tidak terkena adzab atau kutukan. Yang kedua adalah jika menjadi
pejabat atau raja hendaknya berlaku adil dan bijaksana terhadap rakyatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Daftar pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ahimsa-Putra, Heddy Shri. 2001. <i>Strukturalisme
Levi Strauss: Mitos dan Karya Sastra.</i> Yogyakarta: Galang Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Fokkema, D.W., 1998, <i>Teori Sastra
Abad Kedua Puluh (Theories of Literature in the Twentieth Century)</i>. Jakarta
: Gramedia,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Koentjaraningrat, 1987. <i>Sejarah Teori Antropologi I</i>. Jakarta:
Universitas Indonesia Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Suwondo,
Tirto. 2003. Studi Sastra: Beberapa Alternatif. Yogyakarta: Hanindi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Levi-Strauss,
Claude. 2005. Antropologi Struktural. Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://komunitaskembangmerak.wordpress.com/2011/05/09/silang-sengketa-mitos-angling-dharmai/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://komunitaskembangmerak.wordpress.com/2011/05/09/silang-sengketa-mitos-angling-dharmai/</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2011/02/02/prabu-angling-dharma-ada-di-pati/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2011/02/02/prabu-angling-dharma-ada-di-pati/</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-68619575188567466092012-06-19T21:47:00.002-07:002012-06-19T21:47:47.842-07:00hukum epik oleh Axel Olrix dalam cerita raja negeri raksasa pringgadani<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Raja Negeri Raksasa Pringgadani<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Oleh: joko yulianto<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sinopsis Cerita<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gatutkaca
adalah putra dari salah satu tokoh Pandawa yang mempunyai kuku pancanaka yaitu
Bima alias werkudara dengan seorang putri dari Negeri raksasa Kerajaan
Pringgadani sekaligus penguasa hutan yaitu Dewi Arimbi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gat yang berarti
bulat, dan Utkaca yang berarti kepala, nama Gatutkaca diberikan karena
kepalanya saat baru dilahirkan bulat seperti kendi (tempat air minum dari tanah
liat), </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kelahiran </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gatutkaca</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> diiringi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kejadian-kejadian
aneh</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> yang selalu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> mengiringi
kelahiran Si calon manusia setengah raksasa yang bisa terbang tanpa sayap, dan
nantinya mendapat julukan “otot kawat tulang besi”.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Setelah gatotkaca </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Antaranya,
sudah setahun dari masa kelahiran bayi Gatotkaca yang kala itu bernama Jabang
Tutuka, tali pusarnya tak bisa dipotong, sudah berbagai macam alat pemotong
digunakan namun tak ada satupun yang berhasil.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Raden Arjuna sebagai
paman ikut prihatin dengan keadaan keponakanya memutuskan untuk bersemedi
mencari petunjuk Sang Dewata:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Arjuna: “Kakang Bima… aku mohon izin
untuk pergi bersemedi memohon petunjuk Sang Batara, agar tali pusat Jabang
Tutuka bisa dipotong” arjuna memohon izin ke Bima.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Arjuna
pun berangkat bersemedi, Batara Guru yang mengetahui kejadian itu mengutus
Batara Narada untuk turun ke bumi menemui Arjuna dan memberikan Pusaka
Kontawijaya untuk memotong tali pusar si jabang tutuka.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Malang, pada saat
yang sama Adipatih karna pada saat yang sama juga sedang bertapa mencari
pusaka, dengan bantuan ayahnya Batara Surya mendadak langit menjadi gulita,
karena sosoknya yang mirip dengan Arjuna Batara Narada pun memberikan Pusaka
Kontawijaya pada Karna.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah
</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">beberapa waktu batara narada merasa gelisah seakan aka
ada sesuatu yang salah pada dirinya, dan ternyata setelah diusut dan
direnungkan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Batara Narada segera menyadari
kesalahanya dan setelah bertemu Arjuna dia mengatakan kalau ia salah memberikan
pusakanya pada Adipati Karna.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Arjuna
kemudian mencegat Adipati Karna terjadilah duel sengit dua kesatria
memperebutkan pusaka.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nasib
mujur, Karna berhasil meloloskan diri membawa Pusaka yang nantinya akan menjadi
senjata pembunuh bagi Gatotkaca, sedangkan Arjuna hanya berhasil membawa warangka-nya
(Sarung-nya).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Namun
sarung pusaka kontawijaya yang terbuat dari kayu mastaba pun bisa dipergunakan
untuk memotong tali pusar Gatotkaca, hanya saja keajaiban terjadi wadah pusaka
itu masuk kedalam perut Si Jabang Gatotkaca, menurut Kresna itu akan menambah
kekuatanya.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (pertempuran pertama)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kocap
kacarita Si Jabang Putut Tetuka (Gatotkaca Bayi) dipinjam Batara Narada, untuk
menghadapi Patih Sekipu dari Kerajaan Trabelasuket yang kala itu sedang
mengobrak-abrik kayangan, karena Niatnya untuk melamar Bidadari Dewi Supraba
ditolak oleh Hyang Pramesti Batara Guru, atas perintah rajanya Prabu kalapracona.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aneh.
Semakin patih sekipu menghajarnya bayi Arimbiyatmaja (Nama lain Gatokaca) malah
semakin kuat, dengan alasan tidak tega patih sekipu menyerahkan kembali
Gatotokaca bayi pada Batara Narada dengan alasan akan kembali melawan Gatotkaca
setelah ia dewasa, alas an untuk menutupi rasa malunya karena tidak dapat
mengalahkan anak bayi.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gatotkaca
kemudian dijeburkan ke kawah Candradimuka di Gunung Jamurdipa, Para Dewa
menaburi Jabang Tetuka dengan berbagai senjata pusaka, alih-alih mati dalam
panasnya kawah candradimuka, Jabang tetuka keluar menjadi kesatria dewasa dan
semua pusaka yang dilemparkan para dewa sudah melebur dan bersatu dalam
raganya, itulah kenapa Gatotkaca dijuluki “otot kawat tulang besi” karena
tubuhnya tak bisa terlukai oleh senjata apapun.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lalu
sesuai janjinya </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“janji akan
bertarung dengan gatotkaca setelah gatotkaca dewasa” </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">berlangsunglah
lagi perang tanding dengan sekipu, tidakberlangsung lama dengan sekali gigit
patih sekipu tewas. Para pandawa dan sri kresna yang juga datang ke kahyangan
memberi nasihat kepada gatotkaca untuk tidak meneruskan perangai raksasanya,
bertarunglah secara kesatria, dalam upacara tolak bala singkat gigi taring
gatotkaca dipotong.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (pertarungan
ke3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kahyangan
bersuka cita, semua Dewa dan Dewi bergembira, Batara narada kemudian meruwat
jabang tetuka dan mengganti namanya menjadi Gatotkaca, dan sebagai cinderamata
rasa terima kasih Batara Guru atau Sang hyang giri natha, memberikan tiga
pusaka :</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertama Caping
Basunanda, yang membuat pemakainya tak bisa kena hujan dan terkena panas, kalau
jaman sekarang seperti payung yang multifungsi.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kedua, Kotang
Antrakusuma, bentuknya seperti rompi yang membuat pemiliknya bisa terbang tanpa
sayap dan kala malam berkobar-kobar sinarnya saat terbang.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketiga,
Terompah Padakacarma, ini adalah sepatu yang bisa menetralisir energi negtif,
jadi tempat yang angker akan terasa biasa-biasa saja, karena jin dan setan akan
lari terbirit-birit melihat sepatu Padakacarma</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah
semuanya selesai gatotkaca bersama ayahnya aden Werkudara alias bima dan
keempat pamanya serta Sri Kresna turun ke Bumi. Di bumi gatotkaca menjalani
hidup sebagai kesatria, dia sangat mencintai saudara sepupunya Abimanyu anak
dari Prabu Arjuna, kemana abimanyu pergi Gatotkaca </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">selalu mengikuti,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
pengintai terbang diatasnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada
saat pamanya Prabu arjuna mengadakan sayembara yang memperebutkan anaknya Dewi
Pregiwa, gatotkaca mengikuti dan berhasil mengalahkan berpuluh kesatria pilih
tanding, setelah berhasil mengalahkan Laksmana Mandrakumara yang terhitung
masih saudaranya sendiri karena ia anak dari Prabu Duryudana saudara dari pihak
kurawa.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> memenagkan sayembara itu ahirnya gatot kaca</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
menikah dengan saudara sepupunya sendiri dewi pregiwa, gatotkaca mempunyai anak
Sasikirana.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gatotkaca
benar-benar menjadi kesatria pilih tanding, dikatakan kekuatanya akan meningkat
berlipat-lipat kala malam menjelang karena ajian gelap sakyuto yang
dimilikinya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah
ibudanya Arimbi merasa anaknya sudah cukup dewasa akhirnya gatutkaca diangkat
sebagai Raja di Negeri Raksasa Pringgadani, Terkecuali Brajadenta, kesemua
pamanya Brajamusti, Brajalamadan, Brajawikalpa, dan Kalabendana semua sangat
menyayangi Gat</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">o</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">tkaca,
dan Kalabendanalah yang paling Gatutkaca sayangi, meskipun Paklik Raksasanya
ini berbentuk bulet , kerdil, tapi hatinya mulia, dan polos.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Brajadenta
yang sudah terkena hasutan patih sengkuni bahwa seharusnya tahta Pringgadani
jatuh ke dirinya bukan ke tangan keponakanya yang masih seumur jagung dalam
ilmu pemerintahan. Akhirnya memberontak Brajamusti diperintahkan untuk mencegah
dan menyadarkan saudaranya, terjadilahperang tanding dimana keduanya sama-sama
meninggal, arwah brajadenta merasuk ke tangan kiri, dan arwah brajamusti masuk
ke tangan kanan, maka makin bertambah pula kekuatan Gatotkaca</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prabu
Gatotkaca memerintah Negeri Raksasa Pringgadani dengan arif dan bijaksana,
sampai tercapailah kemakmuran di Negerinya. Negeri yang letaknya berada
ditengah-tengah hutan itu menjadi Negeri yang makmur dan mahsyur, disegani oleh
Negeri lainya karena mempunyai pemimpin yang berwibawa dan sakti mandraguna</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Alur Cerita<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Misteri kelahiran gatotkaca<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perjuangan memotong tali pusar gatotkaca<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pertarungan arjuna merebutkan Pusaka Kontawijaya<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pertarungan pertama gatotkaca dengan patih skipu<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pertarungan kedua gatotkaca melawan patih skipu<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pertarungan gatotkaca melawan para kesatria dalam
sayembara<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengangkatan gatotkaca menjadi raja peringgadani<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dari alur cerita diatas<span> </span>maka dapat digambarkan menjadi gambar berikut
ini. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<td></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img height="108" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.png" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="227" /></td>
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<!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Awal<span> </span><span> </span>tengah<span> </span>akhir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar pola alur gatotkaca sampai menjadi raja pringgadani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berdasarkan gambar di atas alur cerita gatotkaca raja
pringgodani ini merupakan alur maju. Pentahapan kejadian yang dimulai dari
peristiwa awal (menceritakan proses kelahiran gatotkaca), tengah
(pertarungan-pertarungan gatotkaca) dan akhir (menjadi orang yang disukai dan
diangkat menjadi raja). Karena alur cerita diatas berurutan mulai dari proses
kelahiran gatotkaca dan sampai gatotkaca diangkat menjadi raja pringgadani
diceritakan secara berurutan oleh Nurgiantoro (2010: 151) disebut sebagai plot
kronologis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam cerita di atas yang merupakan
peristiwa-peristiwa awal adalah peristiwa-peristiwa yang dibritanda pada alur nomor
1 sampai dengan 2, peristiwa tengah ditandai pada alur nomor 3 sampai dengan
alur nomor 6 , sedangkan peristiwa akhir ditandai dengan alur nomor 7,
demikianlah gambaran alur cerita raja peringgadani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hukum Epik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Axel Olrix dalam Danandjaja ( 1984) sebagaimana
dikutip Sudikan (2001:72-73) menyatakan bahwa struktur atau susunan cerita
prosa rakyat terikat oleh hukum-hukum yang sama yang olehnya disebut sebagai
hukum epos ( epic laws). Telah dijelaskan di bagian atas bahwa terdapat 13
hukum epik yang dikemukakan oleh Axel Olrix.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam mkalah ini akan dikemukakan beberapa data yang
menunjukkan hukum-hukum epik ala Axel Olrix tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hukum Pembuka Penutup<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sudikan (2001:72) menjelaskan hukum pembuka penutup
sebagai suatu cerita rakyat<span> </span>tidak akan
dimulai dengan suatu yang tiba-tiba, tidak juga berakhir dengan mendadak.
Artinya cerita berlasung melalui tahapan-tahapan tertentu.<span> </span>Tahap tersebut merupakan rangkain kejadian
yang saling berhubungan satu sama yang lain. Tahap cerita bisa saja terdiri
atas tahap awal, tahap tengah, dan tahap akhir. Tahap awal merupakan
pendahuluan cerita. Dalam tahap ini pencerita memperkenalkan tokoh cerita.
Tahap tengah merupakan kejian yang sering disebut sebagai puncak cerita. Di
dalam tahap inilah terjadi peristiwa yang disebut sebagai konflik. Dan tahap
akhir merupakan penyelesaian cerita. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam cerita gatotkaca raja pringgadani ini hukum
pembuka dapat dilihat dari cerita proses kelahiran gatotkaca, hokum pembuka
terdapat pada data sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Gatutkaca adalah putra dari salah satu tokoh Pandawa
yang mempunyai kuku pancanaka yaitu Bima alias werkudara dengan seorang putri
dari Negeri raksasa Kerajaan Pringgadani sekaligus penguasa hutan yaitu Dewi
Arimbi. Gat yang berarti bulat, dan Utkaca yang berarti kepala, nama Gatutkaca
diberikan karena kepalanya saat baru dilahirkan bulat seperti kendi (tempat air
minum dari tanah liat), kelahiran Gatutkaca diiringi Kejadian-kejadian aneh
yang selalu mengiringi kelahiran Si calon manusia setengah raksasa yang bisa
terbang tanpa sayap, dan nantinya mendapat julukan (otot kawat tulang besi)”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Petikan di atas merupakan paragraf pembuka gatotkaca
raja pringgadani. Paragraf ini berisi perkenalan. Pencerita menjelaskan siapa
tokoh-tokoh yang akan menjalankan cerita. Di mana tokoh itu berada dan apa yang
dilakukannya. Dalam penggalan tersebut terlihat adanya tokoh gatotkaca, ayah
gatotkaca dan keluarga gatotkaca Dalam penggalan ini<span> </span>juga ditemukan kedudukan cerita atau sering
disebut sebagai setting. Penggalan di atas dilanjutkan dengan
memperkenalkan<span> </span>bagaimana tokoh-tokoh itu
bertindak dalam sebuah cerita. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sedangkan hukum penutup dapat dicermati penggalan
berikut ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Prabu Gatotkaca memerintah Negeri Raksasa Pringgadani
dengan arif dan bijaksana, sampai tercapailah kemakmuran di Negerinya. Negeri
yang letaknya berada ditengah-tengah hutan itu menjadi Negeri yang makmur dan
mahsyur, disegani oleh Negeri lainya karena mempunyai pemimpin yang berwibawa
dan sakti mandraguna.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span>Berdasarkan
informasi diatas kita bisa melihat penutupan cerita gatotkaca raja pringgadani
ini diahiri dengan kebahagiaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hukum Pentingnya Tokoh yang Keluar Pertama dan
yang Keluar Terakhir.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menurut Sudikan (2001:73) yang dimaksud hukum
pentingnya tokoh yang keluar pertama dan yang keluar terakhir adalah jika ada
sederet orang atau kejadian yang muncul atau terjadi, maka yang terpenting akan
ditampilkan terdahulu, walaupun yang ditampilkan terakhir atau kejadian yang
terjadi kemudian adalah yang akan mendapat simpati atau perhatian cerita itu.
Maknanya adalah tokoh yang muncul pertama adalah tokoh yang lebih penting dalam
cerita. Tokoh dalam hal ini dapat berupa orang atau bentuk lain yang dapat
memainkan<span> </span>cerita. Indikator penting
dalam hal ini adalah tokoh tersebut yang akan ditonjolkan oleh cerita.
Penonjolan dapat berupa sering dibahas, menjadi perhatian tokoh lain atau yang
menjadi pusat masalah dalam seluruh cerita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam cerita gatotkaca raja pringgadani ini hukum
tokoh yang keluar pertama dapat dilihat dari cerita gatotkaca yang masih kecil
dihadapkan dengan, hokum tokoh yang keluar pertama terdapat pada data sebagai
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Kocap kacarita Si Jabang Putut Tetuka (Gatotkaca
Bayi) dipinjam Batara Narada, untuk menghadapi Patih Sekipu dari Kerajaan
Trabelasuket yang kala itu sedang mengobrak-abrik kayangan, karena Niatnya
untuk melamar Bidadari Dewi Supraba ditolak oleh Hyang Pramesti Batara Guru,
atas perintah rajanya Prabu kalapracona.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span><span> </span>Hokum tokoh utama yang keluar terahir
dapat diperoleh dari data sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Pada saat pamanya Prabu arjuna mengadakan sayembara
yang memperebutkan anaknya Dewi Pregiwa, gatotkaca mengikuti dan berhasil
mengalahkan berpuluh kesatria pilih tanding, setelah berhasil mengalahkan
Laksmana Mandrakumara yang terhitung masih saudaranya sendiri karena ia anak
dari Prabu Duryudana saudara dari pihak kurawa. Setelah memenagkan sayembara
itu ahirnya gatot kaca menikah dengan saudara sepupunya sendiri dewi pregiwa,
gatotkaca mempunyai anak Sasikirana. Gatotkaca benar-benar menjadi kesatria
pilih tanding, dikatakan kekuatanya akan meningkat berlipat-lipat kala malam
menjelang karena ajian gelap sakyuto yang dimilikinya.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hukum Anak Kembar<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sudikan (2001:73) memberi penjelasan tentang hukum
anak kembar dalam arti yang luas. Anak kembar dapat diartikan sebagai anak
kembar yang sesungguhnya, yaitu dua orang yang seayah seibu yang dilahirkan
pada hari, tanggal yang sama dan biasanya memiliki wajah yang sama. Anak kembar
juga dapat diartikan<span> </span>saudara kandung,
yaitu dua orang yang dilahirkan dari ibu dan ayah yang sama tetapi dilahirkan
pada hari, tanggal, bulan, dan tahun yang berbeda. Dalam hal ini anak kembar
juga dapat berupa dua tokoh yang menampilkan diri dalam peran yang
sama,misalnya saja sepasang penjahat, sepasang petugas keamanan dan lain
sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jika kita merujuk dari pendapat sudikan ini cerita
gatotkaca raja pringgadani tidak memiliki hukum anak kembar, dalam cerita raja
pringgadani ini hanya menjelaskan patner gatotkaca tetapi tokoh yang bersama
gatotkaca tersebut tidak memiliki peran yang sejajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hukum Dua Tokoh Dalam satu Adegan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sudikan (2001:72) yakni didalam suatu adegan cerita
rakyat, tokoh yang diperkenankan untuk menampilkan diri dalam waktu yang
bersamaan, paling banyak hanya boleh menceritakan dua orang saja. Berdasarkan
pendapat sudikan didalam cerita raja pringgodani ini tidak terdapat hokum dua
tokoh dalam satu adegan, karena setiap adegan yang terjadi tokoh-tokohnya
datang dan silih berganti dan tidak ada penumpukan tokohnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hukum Pengulangan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sudikan (2001:72) menjelaskan bahwa demi memberi
tekanan kepada cerita rakyat, suatu adegan diulang beberapa kali. Pengulangan
adegan itu dilakukan dalam berbagai berbagai bentuk, misalnya saja pengulangan
tindakan tokoh, pengulangan bentuk-bentuk ucapan tokoh atau pengulangan
setting-setting tokoh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hukum Tiga Kali<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sudikan (2001:72)<span>
</span>menjelaskan hukum tiga kali bahwa tokoh cerita rakyat baru akan
berhasil<span> </span>dalam menunaikan tugasnya
setelah mencobanya tiga kali. Menunaikan tugas dapat diartikan sebagai
melakukan aktivitas yang diperintahkan raja atau keluarga kerajaan. Sedangkan
keberhasilan menunaikan tugas dapat diukur dari seberapa jauh tugas tersebut
tercapai atau dilaksanakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hokum tiga kali ini dalam cerita raja pringgodani
dapat dilihat dari alur nomor 3,4 & 5 dalam alur nomer tiga ini
menceritakan arjuna melawan patih skipu yang merebutkan Pusaka Kontawijaya yang
akan digunakan untuk memotong tali pusar gatotkaca, dari alur nomor empat
pertarungan gatotkaca dengan patih skipu masih seri dan dari pertarungan
selanjutnya gatotkaca berhasil mengalahkan patih skipu. Itu tergambar dari teks
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Lalu sesuai janjinya “janji akan bertarung dengan
gatotkaca setelah gatotkaca dewasa” berlangsunglah lagi perang tanding dengan
sekipu, tidakberlangsung lama dengan sekali gigit patih sekipu tewas. Para
pandawa dan sri kresna yang juga datang ke kahyangan memberi nasihat kepada
gatotkaca untuk tidak meneruskan perangai raksasanya, bertarunglah secara
kesatria, dalam upacara tolak bala singkat gigi taring gatotkaca dipotong.”
(pertarungan ke3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="7" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hukum Berpola Cerita Rakyat<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sudikan (2001:73) menjelaskan hukum berpola cerita
rakyat dengan memberi contoh<span> </span>sebagai
berikit. Misalnya seorang pemuda harus pergi ke suatu tempat tiga hari
berturut-turut dan setiap hari ia akan bertemu dengan raksasa dan berhasil
membunuhnya dengan cara yang sama. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="8" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hukum Logika Legenda<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sudikan (2001:73) menjelaskan cerita rakyat mempunyai
logika sendiri, logika yang tidak sama dengan logika ilmu pengetahuan, dan
biasanya lebih bersifat animisme, berlandaskan pada kepercayaan terhadap
kemukzizatan dan ilmu gaib. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hokum logika legenda ini tercermin dalam cerita raja
pringgodani, logika legenda yang tampak adalah jika seseorang bersemedi untuk
mendapatkan petunjuk pasti akan mendapatkan petunjuk. Hal itu dapat digambarkan
melalui teks berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Raden Arjuna sebagai paman ikut prihatin dengan
keadaan keponakanya memutuskan untuk bersemedi mencari petunjuk Sang Dewata:
Arjuna: “Kakang Bima… aku mohon izin untuk pergi bersemedi memohon petunjuk
Sang Batara, agar tali pusat Jabang Tutuka bisa dipotong” arjuna memohon izin
ke Bima.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="9" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hukum keadaan berlawanan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sudikan (2001: 73) menjelaskan hokum keadaan
berlawanan menceritakan diantara tokoh-tokoh cerita mempunyai sifat yang
berlawanan, misalnya thor yang kuat memerlukan odin yang bijaksana atau loki
yang licik untuk mendampinginya. Berdasarkan teori sudikan tersebut cerita raja
pringgodani ini tidak memiliki hokum berlawanan karena cerita ini tidak
menampakkan sifat patner gatotkaca maupun sifat patner musuh-musuhnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hukum Adanya Satu Cerita dalam Suatu Cerita<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sudikan (2001:73) menjelaskan dalam satu cerita, jalan
ceritanya tidak akan kembali lagi hanya untuk mengisi kekurangan yang tertinggal
dan jika sampai ada kajadian yang tertinggal maka hanya akan diisi dalam rupa
dialog saja missal terdapat pada kutipan “(Lalu sesuai janjinya “janji akan
bertarung dengan gatotkaca setelah gatotkaca dewasa”)”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hokum pengunaan adegan tablo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penerapan hukum pengunaan adegan tablo ini merupakan
adegan adegan puncak yang dapat merubah tokoh utama, hal ini sesuai dengan
pendapat sudikan (2001:73) yang enjelaskan hokum penggunaan hokum tablo yakni
adegan-adegan puncak seperti adegan Samson diikat di tiang pilar setelah
matanya di butakan. Hokum tablo ini dapat dilihat dari kutipan teks berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Gatotkaca kemudian dijeburkan ke kawah Candradimuka
di Gunung Jamurdipa, Para Dewa menaburi Jabang Tetuka dengan berbagai senjata
pusaka, alih-alih mati dalam panasnya kawah candradimuka, Jabang tetuka keluar
menjadi kesatria dewasa dan semua pusaka yang dilemparkan para dewa sudah
melebur dan bersatu dalam raganya, itulah kenapa Gatotkaca dijuluki “otot kawat
tulang besi” karena tubuhnya tak bisa terlukai oleh senjata apapun.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span><span> </span>Dari
kutipan tersebut tergambar bahwa puncak tiik balik dan alasan mengapa gatotkaca
semakin sakti terungkap.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hukum Pemusatan pada Tokoh Utama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hokum pemusatan pada tokoh utama ini sangat terlihat
dari setiap alur cerita, karena setiap alur cerita tersebut selalu berkaitan
dengan tokoh utama. Missal cerita pada alur nomor tiga, tentang Pertarungan
arjuna merebutkan Pusaka Kontawijaya, walaupun gatotkaca tidak ikut bertarung,
tetapi pertarungan tersebut terjadi karena merebutkan pusaka kontawijaya yang
akan digunakan untuk memotong tali pusar gatotkaca, secara tidak langsung
pertarungan tersebut terjadi karena gatotkaca.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hokum
kesatupaduan rencana cerita<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hokum kesatupaduan rencana cerita pada cerita raja
pringgodani ini tergambarkan dalam alur cerita nomer 4 & 5, dari cerita
alur nomer empat gatot kaca yang masih kecil bertarung dengan patih skipu,
tetapi didalam pertarungannya dengan gatotkaca patih skipu tak bisa menundukkan
gatotkaca dan pertarungannya berlangsung seri (tidakada yang menang dan
tidakada yang kalah), setelah pertarungan itu patih skipu berjanji untuk
bertarung lagi dengan gatotkaca setelah gatotkaca dewasa. Setelah gatotkaca
dewasa Pertarungan kedua gatotkaca melawan patih skipu dilanjutkan dan dengan
mudah gatotkaca dapat mengalahkan patih skipu. Dari cerita diatas tergambar
dengan jelas kesatupaduan antar alur cerita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-48526902121601818022012-06-19T21:40:00.000-07:002012-06-19T21:40:02.451-07:00Variasi Bahasa dan Kelas Sosial<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Variasi Bahasa dan Kelas Sosial</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">A.<span> </span>Variasi
Bahasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Variasi bahasa terjadi oleh karena
amat luas wilayah pemakaiaannya dan bermacam-macam penuturnya. Interaksi antara
satu orang dengan orang yang lainnya yang berbeda, faktor sejarah, dan
perkembangan masyarakat membawa berpengaruh pada bahasa sehingga berubah
menjadi berbagai ragam. Jadi keragaman itu adalah mau tidak mau, merupakan
konsekwensi dari hukum alam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam hal variasi bahasa ini ada dua
pandangan. Pertama, variasi itu dilihat sebagai akibat adanya keragaman sosial
penutur bahasa itu dan keragaman fungsi bahasa itu. Jadi variasi bahasa itu
terjadi sebagai akibat dari adanya keragaman sosial dan keragaman fungsi
bahasa. Kedua, variasi bahasa itu sudah ada untuk memenuhi fungsinya sebagai
alat interaksi dalam kegiatan masyarakat yang beraneka ragam. Kedua pandangan
ini dapat saja diterima ataupun ditolak. Yang jelas, variasi bahasa itu dapat
diklasifikasikan berdasarkan adanya keragaman sosial dan fungsi kegiatan
didalam masyarakat sosial. Namun Halliday membedakan variasi bahasa berdasarkan
pemakai (dialek) dan pemakaian (register).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis Ragam Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berbagai sumber merincikan ragam
bahasa. Ada yang merincikannya dengan membedakan dalam berbagai aspek. Pertama,
berdasarkan daerah penggunanya. Ragam daerah sejak lama dikenal dengan nama
logat atau dialek. Bahasa yang menyebar luas selalu mengenal logat.
Masing-masing dapat dipahami secara timbal balik oleh penuturnya; sekurang-kurangnya
oleh penutur dialek yang daerahnya berdampingan. Jika wilayah pemakaiannya
orang tidak mudah berhubungan, misalnya karena dipisahkan oleh pegunungan,
selat, atau laut, maka lambat-laun logatnya akan membentuk ragam bahasa baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ragam logat/dialek dengan sendirinya
erat hubungannya dengan bahasa ibu si penutur. Ciri-ciri yang meliputi tekanan,
turun-naiknya nada, dan panjang-pendeknya bunyi bahasa membangun aksen yang
berbeda. Logat daerah paling kentara karena tata bunyinya. Logat Indonesia yang
dilafalkan oleh orang Tapanuli dan Ambon dapat dikenali karena tekanan kata
yang amat jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sikap penutur terhadap aksen penutur lain
berbeda-beda. Aksen itu dapat disenangi dan/atau tidak disenangi. Umumnya dapat
dikatakan bahwa kita berlapang hati terhadap kelainan aksen orang selama
bahasanya masih dapat dipahami. Mungkin hal ini sebagai pengaruh atas
penguasaan bahasa itu yang belum terlalu lama, hingga saat ini masih belum ada
proses penyatuan logat yang jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kedua, berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan
penutur. Ragam bahasa menurut pendidikan formal menunjukkan perbedaan yang
jelas antara kaum yang berpendidikan formal dan yang tidak. Tatabunyi bahasa
golongan yang kedua berbeda dengan tatabunyi kaum terpelajar. Dalam bahasa
Indonesia, misalnya, bunyi /f/ dan akhiran /-ks/, misalnya, tidak selalu
terdapat dalam ujaran orang yang tidak bersekolah. Kata fakultas, film, fitnah,
kompleks yang dikenal oleh orang berpendidikan, bervariasi menjadi pakultas,
pilm, pitenah, komplek dalam orang yang tidak menikmati pengajaran bahasa di
sekolah. Perbedaan yang lain juga nampak pada tata bahasa. Kalimat Saya mau
bayar itu uang ke bank cukup jelas maksudnya, tetapi bahasa yang terpelihara
menuntut agar bentuknya menjadi Saya mau membayar uang itu ke bank. Bahasa
orang yang berpendidikan berciri pemeliharaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketiga, berdasarkan sikap penutur.
Ragam bahasa Indonesia dalam hal ini mencakup sejumlah corak. Ragam ini, biasa
disebut langgam atau gaya, pemilihannya bergantung pada sikap penutur terhadap
orang yang diajak berkomunikasi. Sikap ini dipengaruhi antara lain, oleh umur
dan kedudukan yang disapa, pokok persoalan yang hendak disampaikannya, dan
tujuan penyampaian informasinya. Dalam hal ini, penutur dihadapkan dengan
pemilihan bentuk-bentuk bahasa tertentu yang menggambarkan sikap penutur yang
kaku, dingin, hambar, hangat, akrab, atau santai. Perbedaan berbagai gaya itu
tercermin dalam pilihan kosa kata dan tata bahasa. Meskipun begitu, gaya yang
bermacam-macam itu tetap kita kenali. Misalnya, gaya bahasa ketika kita sedang laporan
kepada atasan, atau ketika sedang marah, membujuk anak, menulis surat kepada
kekasih, mengobrol dengan teman karib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keempat, ragam bahasa menurut bidang
atau pokok persoalan yang melingkupi penutur. Setiap penutur bahasa hidup dan
bergerak dalam sejumlah bidang kehidupan sehingga penutur harus memilih salah
satu ragam yang berkaitan atau cocok dengan bidang yang dikuasainya. Bidang
yang dimaksud itu, misalnya, agama, politik, teknologi, pertanian, seni, olah
raga, hukum, dll. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelima, ragam bahasa menurut
sarananya terbagi atas ragam lisan atau ujaran dan ragam tulisan. Ragam lisan
lebih dahulu dikuasai oleh penggunanya sedangkan ragam lisan diperoleh
kemudian. Dalam ragam tulis, orang yang diajak berkomunikasi tidak ada
dihadapan kita. Akibatnya, bahasa kita perlu lebih jelas karena tulisan kita
tidak dapat disertai oleh gerak isyarat, pandangan, atau anggukan tanda
penegasan di pihak kita atau pemahaman di pihak lain yang kita ajak
berkomunikasi. Itulah sebabnya, kalimat dalam ragam tulisan harus lebih cermat
sifatnya. Fungsi tata bahasa, seperti subjek, predikat, dan objek, serta
hubungan di antara fungsi itu, harus jelas. Dalam ragam ujaran, karena penutur
bersemuka/berhadapan, fungsi itu dapat ditinggalkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Halliday merincikannya sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a.<span> </span>Variasi
dari Segi Pemakai/Penutur: Idiolek, dialek, kronolek, sosiolek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b.<span> </span>Variasi
dari Segi Pemakaian, yakni bahasa digunakan untuk keperluan atau bidang apa.
Misalnya, bidang sastra, jurnalistik, pertanian, militer, pelayaran,
pendidikan, dsb.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c.<span> </span>Variasi
dari Segi Keformalan. Dalam hal ini variasi bahasa dibagi menjadi lima macam
gaya (ragam), yaitu ragam beku (frozen); ragam resmi (formal); ragam usaha
(konsultatif); ragam santai (casual); ragam akrab (intimate).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d.<span> </span>Variasi
dari Segi Sarana. Dalam hal ini terdapat ragam lisan dan tulis atau juga ragam
dalam berbahasa dengan menggunakan sarana atau alat tertentu, misalnya bertelepon
atau bertelegraf.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Beberapa Istilah dalam Ragam Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span> </span>Bahasa
Standar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa standar adalah bahasa yang
memiliki norma tertentu sebagai patokan atas ragam yang lain. Bahasa standar
atau bahasa baku digunakan sebagai bahasa persatuan dalam masyarakat bahasa
yang mempunyai banyak bahasa. Bahasa baku umumnya ditegakkan melalui kamus
(ejaan dan kosakata), tata bahasa, pelafalan, lembaga bahasa, status hukum,
serta penggunaan di masyarakat (pemerintah, sekolah, dll).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa baku tidak dapat dipakai untuk
segala keperluan, tetapi hanya untuk komunikasi resmi, wacana teknis,
pembicaraan di depan umum, dan pembicaraan dengan orang yang dihormati. Di luar
keempat penggunaan itu, dipakai ragam takbaku.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span> </span>Idiolek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Idiolek merupakan variasi bahasa yang
bersifat perseorangan. Setiap orang mempunyai idiolek masing-masing. Idiolek
ini berkenaan dengan “warna” suara, pilihan kata, gaya bahasa, susunan kalimat,
dsb. Yang paling dominan adalah warna suara, kita dapat mengenali suara
seseorang yang kita kenal hanya dengan mendengar suara tersebut Idiolek melalui
karya tulis pun juga bisa, tetapi disini membedakannya agak sulit.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span> </span>Dialek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dialek yaitu variasi bahasa dari
sekelompok penutur yang berada di suatu tempat atau area tertentu. Bidang studi
yang mempelajari tentang variasi bahasa ini adalah dialektologi. Variasi ini
berbeda satu sama lain dalam sekelompok penutur itu, tetapi masih banyak menunjukkan
kemiripan sehingga belum pantas disebut bahasa yang berbeda. Biasanya pemerian
dialek adalah berdasarkan geografi, namun bisa berdasarkan faktor lain,
misalkan faktor sosial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebuah dialek dibedakan berdasarkan
kosa kata, tata bahasa, dan pengucapan (fonologi, termasuk prosodi). Jika
pembedaannya hanya berdasarkan pengucapan, maka istilah yang tepat ialah aksen
dan bukan dialek.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis dialek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan pemakaian bahasa, dialek dibedakan menjadi
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span> </span>Dialek
regional: varian bahasa yang dipakai di daerah tertentu. Misalnya, bahasa
Melayu dialek Ambon, dialek Jakarta, atau dialek Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span> </span>Dialek
sosial: dialek yang dipakai oleh kelompok sosial tertentu atau yang menandai
strata sosial tertentu. Misalnya, dialek remaja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span> </span>Dialek
temporal, yaitu dialek yang dipakai pada kurun waktu tertentu. Misalnya, dialek
Melayu zaman Sriwijaya dan dialek Melayu zaman Abdullah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span> </span>Idiolek,
keseluruhan ciri bahasa seseorang yang khas pribadi dalam lafal, tata bahasa, atau
pilihan dan kekayaan kata.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span> </span>Kronolek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kronolek atau dialek temporal, yaitu variasi bahasa
yang digunakan oleh kelompok sosial pada masa tertentu. Sebagai contoh, variasi
bahasa Indonesia pada masa tahun tiga puluhan, lima puluhan, ataupun saat ini.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span> </span>Sosiolek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sosiolek (dari sosial dan dialek) adalah
ragam bahasa yang terkait dengan suatu kelompok sosial tertentu. Sosiolek
antara lain terjadi pada berbagai kelompok masyarakat menurut kelas sosial,
usia, serta pekerjaan. Contohnya adalah perbedaan bahasa antara masyarakat
kelas atas dan kelas bawah, remaja dan orang tua, serta antara dokter dan
pengacara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sosiolek atau dialek sosial, yaitu
variasi bahasa yang berkenaan dengan status, golongan dan kelas sosial para
penuturnya. Dalam sosiolinguistik variasi inilah yang menyangkut semua masalah
pribadi penuturnya, seperti usia, pendidikan, keadaan sosial ekonomi,
pekerjaan, seks, dsb. Sehubungan dengan variasi bahasa yang berkenaan dengan
tingkat, golongan, status, dan kelas sosial para penuturnya disebut dengan
prokem.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6.<span> </span>Register<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A register is a variety of a language
used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting ‘berbagai
bahasa yang digunakan untuk tujuan tertentu atau dalam lingkungan sosial
tertentu’. Variasi ini biasanya dibicarakan berdasarkan bidang penggunaan,
gaya, atau tingkat keformalan dan sarana penggunaan. Variasi bahasa berdasarkan
bidang pemakaian ini adalah menyangkut bahasa itu digunakan untuk keperluan
atau bidang apa. Misalnya, bidang sastra, jurnalistik, pertanian, militer,
pelayaran, pendidikan, dsb. Berdasarkan gaya contohnya, ketika menyapa lawan
bicara digunakan kata “kamu” untuk yang sebaya/lebih rendah statusnya atau “anda”
untuk yang lebih tinggi.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7.<span> </span>Ragam
Beku<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ragam beku adalah variasi bahasa yang paling formal,
yang digunakan dalam situasi khidmat dan upacara resmi. Misalnya, dalam
khotbah, undang-undang, akte notaris, sumpah, dsb.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8.<span> </span>Ragam
Resmi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ragam resmi adalah variasi bahasa yang digunakan dalam
pidato kenegaraan, rapat dinas, ceramah, buku pelajaran, dsb.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9.<span> </span>Ragam
Usaha<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ragam usaha adalah variasi bahasa yang lazim digunakan
pembicaraan biasa di sekolah, rapat-rapat, ataupun pembicaraan yang
berorientasi kepada hasil atau produksi. Wujud ragam ini berada diantara ragam
formal dan ragam informal atau santai.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10.<span> </span>Ragam
Santai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ragam santai adalah variasi bahasa yang digunakan
dalam situasi tidak resmi untuk berbincang-bincang dangan keluarga atau teman
pada waktu beristirahat, berolahraga, berekreasi, dsb. Ragam ini banyak
menggunakan bentuk alegro, yakni bentuk ujaran yang dipendekkan.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">11.<span> </span>Ragam
Akrab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ragam akrab adalah variasi bahasa yang biasa digunakan
oleh para penutur yang hubngannya sudah akrab, seperti antar anggota keluarga,
atau teman karib. Ragam ini menggunakan bahasa yang tidak lengkap dengan
artikulasi yang tidak jelas.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12.<span> </span>Ragam
Lisan dan Tulisan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa yang dihasilkan melalui alat
ucap (organ of speech) dengan fonem sebagai unsur dasar dinamakan ragam bahasa
lisan, sedangkan bahasa yang dihasilkan dengan memanfaatkan tulisan dengan
huruf sebagai unsur dasarnya, dinamakan ragam bahasa tulis. Jadi dalam ragam
bahasa lisan, kita berurusan dengan lafal, dalam ragam bahasa tulis, kita
berurusan dengan tata cara penulisan (ejaan). Selain itu aspek tata bahasa dan
kosa kata dalam kedua jenis ragam itu memiliki hubungan yang erat. Ragam bahasa
tulis yang unsur dasarnya huruf, melambangkan ragam bahasa lisan. Oleh karena
itu, sering timbul kesan bahwa ragam bahasa lisan dan tulis itu sama. Padahal,
kedua jenis ragam bahasa itu berkembang menjdi sistem bahasa yang memiliki
seperangkat kaidah yang tidak identik benar, meskipun ada pula kesamaannya.
Meskipun ada keberimpitan aspek tata bahasa dan kosa kata, masing-masing
memiliki seperangkat kaidah yang berbeda satu dari yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam penggunaan ragam bahasa baku
tulis makna kalimat yang diungkapkannya tidak ditunjang oleh situasi pemakaian,
sedangkan ragam bahasa baku lisan makna kalimat yang diungkapkannya ditunjang
oleh situasi pemakaian sehingga kemungkinan besar terjadi pelesapan unsur
kalimat. Oleh karena itu, dalam penggunaan ragam bahasa baku tulis diperlukan
kecermatan dan ketepatan di dalam pemilihan kata, penerapan kaidah ejaan,
struktur bentuk kata dan struktur kalimat, serta kelengkapan unsur-unsur bahasa
di dalam struktur kalimat.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">13.<span> </span>Diglosia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diglosia adalah suatu situasi bahasa
di mana terdapat pembagian fungsional atas variasi-variasi bahasa atau
bahasa-bahasa yang ada di masyarakat. Dalam situasi diglosia akan kita jumpai
adanya tingkat-tingkat bahasa dalam beberapa bahasa daerah di Indonesia,
seperti bahasa Jawa, Sunda, Bali, Madura, yang masing-masing mempunyai nama.
Dengan demikian diglosia itu mengacu kepada kondisi dua ragam dalam satu bahasa
hidup berdampingan dalam guyup bahasa, dan masing-masing ragam itu mempunyai
peran atau fungsi tertentu.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">14.<span> </span>Pidgin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa pijin atau pidgin adalah
sebuah bentuk bahasa kontak yang digunakan oleh orang-orang dengan latar
belakang bahasa yang berbeda-beda. Sebuah pijin biasanya memiliki tatabahasa
yang sangat sederhana dengan kosakata dari bahasa yang berbeda-beda. Sebuah
pijin tidak memiliki penutur bahasa ibu. Jika memiliki penutur asli maka bahasa
ini disebut bahasa kreol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebanyakan bahasa memiliki penutur
asli. Pidgin adalah bahasa yang tidak memiliki penutur asli. Pidgin tidak
pernah menjadi bahasa pertama dari sebuah kelompok masyarakat. Pidgin hanyalah
bahasa untuk melakukan kontak sosial. Dengan kata lain, pidgin lahir dari
sebuah situasi multibahasa. Dalam situasi seperti ini, para individu mencari
bahasa yang bentuknya sederhana. Oleh karena bentuknya sederhana, bahasa itu
dapat dipahami oleh orang lain juga. Pidgin acapkali disebut sebagai bahasa
normal yang ‘disunat’ atau disederhanakan.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">15.<span> </span>Kreol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa kreol adalah keturunan dari
bahasa pijin yang menjadi bahasa ibu bagi sekelompok orang yang berasal dari
latar belakang berbeda-beda. Bahasa-bahasa kreol yang ada di dunia menunjukkan
adalah kesamaan, khususnya dari segi tata bahasa yang mengarah pada bahasa
universalnya (pidgin). Contoh kreol Melayu, yakni: Betawi, Melayu Ambon, Melayu
Manado, Melayu Ternate, Melayu Banda, Melayu Kupang, dll.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">16.<span> </span>Aksen/Logat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aksen adalah pelafalan khas yang
menjadi ciri seseorang sesuai dengan asal daerah ataupun suku bangsa (logat).
Kekhasan itu pada cara mengucapkan kata (aksen) atau lekuk lidah. Logat dapat
mengidentifikasi lokasi dimana pembicara berada, status sosial-ekonomi, dan
lain lainnya. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B.<span> </span>Kelas
Sosial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelas sosial atau golongan sosial
merujuk kepada perbedaan hierarkis (atau stratifikasi) antara insan atau
kelompok manusia dalam masyarakat atau budaya. Biasanya kebanyakan masyarakat
memiliki golongan sosial, namun tidak semua masyarakat memiliki jenis-jenis
kategori golongan sosial yang sama. Berdasarkan karakteristik stratifikasi
sosial, dapat kita temukan beberapa pembagian kelas atau golongan dalam
masyarakat. Beberapa masyarakat tradisional pemburu-pengumpul, tidak memiliki
golongan sosial dan seringkali tidak memiliki pemimpin tetap pula. Oleh karena
itu masyarakt seperti ini menghindari stratifikasi social. Dalam masyarakat
seperti ini, semua orang biasanya mengerjakan aktivitas yang sama dan tidak ada
pembagian pekerjaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara harfiah kelas sosial sering
juga mengacu kepda golongankepada masyarakat yang yang mempunyai kesamaan atau
perbedaan dalam bidang kemasyarakatan seperti Ekonomi, Pekerjaan, Pendidikan,
Kedudukan, Kasta, dan Sebagainya. Perbedaan menurut bidang ini pun masih
memiliki kelas sosial, misalnya dalam bidang Ekonomi, yakni kelas sosila
ekonomi mampu dan tidak mampu. Dalam bidang Pekerjaan pun terdapat kelas sosial
yakni kelas para petinggi (direktur dan semacamnya) dan kelas pekerja kasar
(anak buah). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika dikaitkan dengan bahasa bisa<span> </span>kita mengambil beberapa contoh sebagai
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span> </span>Bahasa
Jawa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa Jawa mengenal undhak-undhuk
basa dan menjadi bagian integral dalam tata krama (etiket) masyarakat Jawa
dalam berbahasa. Dialek Surakarta biasanya menjadi rujukan dalam hal ini.
Bahasa Jawa bukan satu-satunya bahasa yang mengenal hal ini karena beberapa
bahasa Austronesia lain dan bahasa-bahasa Asia Timur seperti bahasa Korea dan
bahasa Jepang juga mengenal hal semacam ini. Dalam sosiolinguistik,
undhak-undhuk merupakan salah satu bentuk register.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdapat tiga bentuk utama variasi,
yaitu ngoko ("kasar"), madya ("biasa"), dan krama<span> </span>("halus"). Di antara masing-masing
bentuk ini terdapat bentuk "penghormatan" (ngajengake,honorific) dan
"perendahan" (ngasorake, humilific). Seseorang dapat berubah-ubah
registernya pada suatu saat tergantung status yang bersangkutan dan lawan
bicara. Status bisa ditentukan oleh usia, posisi sosial, atau hal-hal lain.
Seorang anak yang bercakap-cakap dengan sebayanya akan berbicara dengan varian
ngoko, namun ketika bercakap dengan orang tuanya akan menggunakan krama andhap
dan krama inggil. Sistem semacam ini terutama dipakai di Surakarta, Yogyakarta,
dan Madiun. Dialek lainnya cenderung kurang memegang erat tata-tertib berbahasa
semacam ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai tambahan, terdapat bentuk
bagongan dan kedhaton, yang keduanya hanya dipakai sebagai bahasa pengantar di
lingkungan keraton. Dengan demikian, dikenal bentuk-bentuk ngoko lugu, ngoko
andhap, madhya, madhyantara, krama, krama inggil, bagongan, kedhaton.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di bawah ini disajikan contoh sebuah kalimat dalam
beberapa gaya bahasa yang berbeda-beda ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa Indonesia: "Maaf, saya mau tanya rumah Kak
Budi itu, di mana?"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span> </span>Ngoko
kasar: “Eh, aku arep takon, omahé Budi kuwi, nèng*ndi?’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span> </span>Ngoko
alus: “Aku nyuwun pirsa, dalemé mas Budi kuwi, nèng endi?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span> </span>Ngoko
meninggikan diri sendiri: “Aku kersa ndangu, omahé mas Budi kuwi, nèng ndi?”
(ini dianggap salah oleh sebagian besar penutur bahasa Jawa karena menggunakan
leksikon krama inggil untuk diri sendiri)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span> </span>Madya:
“Nuwun sèwu, kula ajeng tanglet, griyané mas Budi niku, teng pundi?” (ini krama
desa (substandar)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span> </span>Madya
alus: “Nuwun sèwu, kula ajeng tanglet, dalemé mas Budi niku, teng pundi?” (ini
juga termasuk krama desa (krama substandar))<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6.<span> </span>Krama
andhap: “Nuwun sèwu, dalem badhé nyuwun pirsa, dalemipun mas Budi punika,
wonten pundi?” (dalem itu sebenarnya pronomina persona kedua, kagungan dalem
'kepunyaanmu'. Jadi ini termasuk tuturan krama yang salah alias krama desa)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7.<span> </span>Krama
lugu: “Nuwun sewu, kula badhé takèn, griyanipun mas Budi punika, wonten pundi?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8.<span> </span>Krama
alus “Nuwun sewu, kula badhe nyuwun pirsa, dalemipun mas Budi punika, wonten
pundi?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">nèng adalah bentuk percakapan sehari-hari dan
merupakan kependekan dari bentuk baku ana ing yang disingkat menjadi (a)nêng.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan memakai kata-kata yang berbeda
dalam sebuah kalimat yang secara tatabahasa berarti sama, seseorang bisa
mengungkapkan status sosialnya terhadap lawan bicaranya dan juga terhadap yang
dibicarakan. Walaupun demikian, tidak semua penutur bahasa Jawa mengenal
semuanya register itu. Biasanya mereka hanya mengenal ngoko dan sejenis madya.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span> </span>Bahasa
Madura <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sama halnya dengan bahasa Jawa,
bahasa madura pun memilki kelas atau tingkatan dalam hal penggunaannya. Karena
memiliki tiga varian bahasa yakni bahasa Enje’-Iyeh (kasar), Enggi-Enten
(biasa),dan Enggi-Bhunten (halus).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelas bahasa ini sangat mudah kita
jumpai jika kita berada di sekitar lingkungan pondok pesantren yang ada di
Madura. Dapat dijelaskan, dalam perkataan sesama santri mereka memakai bahasa
“kasaran” yakni enje’-iyeh, dan jika santri dengan pengurus pesantren para
santri menggunakan bahasa enggi-enten, dan jika santri dengan kiai maka para
santri harus menggunakan bahasa enggi-bhunten.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Itu jika di lingkungan
pesantren, yang masih sangat kental dan merupaka tempat untuk belajar tatakrama
dalam bertingkah laku ataupun berbicara dengan sesama ataupun orang yang lebih
tua. Namun, kelas ini sangat fleksibel sama halnya dengan bahasa jawa, tapi
tidak sekongkrit bahasa Jawa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa Indonesia: "Maaf, saya mau tanya rumah Kak
Budi itu, di mana?"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a.<span> </span>Enje’-iyeh
terhadap ...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Sesama:
“Eh, sengko’ atanya ah, romanahcak Budi juah, e dimmah?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Orang
yang lebih tua: “Ta’ langkong saporanah, kaula atanya ah compok nah cak Budi e
kimmah gi ?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Orang
Tua/ Guru/ Kiai (orang yang dihormati):“yu’un saporah pak, buleh/ abdinah
atanya ah dhalem mah cak Budi, e ka immah gi ?”</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b.<span> </span>Enggi-Enten<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Sesama
: manabi roma nah budi e dimmah gi?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Orang
yang lebih tua: tak langkong gi, kaula apkonah compok nah cak Budi e kimmah gi
?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Orang
Tua/ Guru/ Kiai (orang yang dihormati):<span>
</span>“yu’un pangaporah nah, buleh/ abdinah terro oneng ngah dhalem mah cak
Budi, e ka immah gi ?”</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c.<span> </span>Enggi-Bhunten<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam kelas ini hanya di kenal dengan kelas sesama
saja, karena yang menggunakan bahasa ini hanya orang-orang sesepuh atau para
kiai terhadap kiai. Namun dalam kasus kelas bahasa ini ada sistem kebalikan
yaitu bagaimana bicara dengan sesama, dan dengan yang lebih muda saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Sesama:
tak langkong, kaula alenggi yeh de’ ka compok nah cak budi, e dimmah gi ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Yang
lebih muda : eh, engko’ atanya ah, e dimmah roma nah Budi ?</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Catatan: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam penggunaan bahasa Madura, ini
sangat dipenbgaruhi oleh tindak kesopanan, jika dari anak muda berbicara pada
sesama bisa menggunakan bahasa Enje’-Iyeh, sedangkan dengan orang yang lebih
tua menggunakan kelas bahasa Enggi-Entenatau pun Enggi-Bhunten, dan jika
berbicara dengan orang yang sangat dihormati seperti Orang Tua, Guru, Atau Kiai
menggunakan bahasa Enggi-Bhunten.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Namun jika sebaliknya jika orang tua
atau sesepuh, guru atau kiai yang berbicara pada anak muda, mereka tidak
diharuskan memakai bahasa Enggi-Enten atau pun Enggi Bhunten. Karena jika
seorang tersebut memakai bahasa tersebut terkesan merendahkan, meski bahasa
yang digunakan adalah bahasa enggi-bhunten. Dan jika kepada sesama bebas
memakai kelas bahasa apapun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jadidapat disimpulkan bahwa kelas
sosial di dalam bahasa itu merupakan sebuah peraturan atau tatak rama dalam
berbicara kepada orang lain, yang biasa di kenal dengan tindak tutur kesopanan
dalam berbicara. Banyak teori yang sudah dikemukakan tentang kelas sosial
bahasa ini. Seperti penelitian William Labov, yang memasukkan dimensi sosial ke
dalam dialektologi. Kemudian ada kelas sosial dengan ragam baku ini terdapat di
Inggris. Dan ada lagi Teori Bernstein yang mengemukakan pendapat bahwa ada dua
ragam bahasa penutur yakni kode terperinci dan kode terbatas. Selain itu ada
hipotesis dari Sapir Whort yang berbunyi “pandangan manusia tentang
lingkungannya dapat di tentukan oleh bahawanya”.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daftar Referensi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gowdy, John. 2006. “Hunter-gatherers and the mythology
of the market" in Richard B. Lee and Richard H. Daly (eds.), The Cambridge
Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, pp.391-394. New York: Cambridge
University Press<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Habermas, J. 2006. "The European Nation State -
Its Achievments and Its Limits. On the Past and Future Sovereignty and
Citizenship", in G. Balakrishan (ed.) Mapping the Nation. London: Vernon.
281 - 294<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://azhararief.wordpress.com/2008/08/27/variasi-bahasa-dalam-sosiolinguistik/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragam_bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://intl.feedfury.com/content/15241462-ragam-bahasa.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://macuy-marucuy.blogspot.com/2009/10/pengertian-ragam-bahasa-dan-hal-hal.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://newspaper.pikiran-rakyat.com/Menimbang-nimbang
Bahasa Cirebon (Edisi Tahun 2009). Html.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://uzi-online.blogspot.com/2011/10/ragam-bahasa.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hudson, R.A. 1985. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meecham, Marjorie and Janie Rees-Miller. 2001.
Language in social contexts. In W. O'Grady, J. Archibald, M. Aronoff and J.
Rees-Miller (eds) Contemporary Linguistics. pp. 537-590. Boston: Bedford/St.
Martin's.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Poerwodarminto, WJS. 1988. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa
Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pendahuluan KBBI edisi ketiga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Uhlenbeck, E.M. 1964. A Critical Survey of Studies on
the Languages of Java and Madura. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumarsono dan Paina Partana. 2002. Sosiolinguistik.
Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar dan Sabda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Persoalan2 dari temen2:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ragam bahasa
dan variasi bahasa: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Slogan
seperti bojonegoro matoh bisa apa tidak di masukkan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berikan
contoh sosial ragam bahasa Indonesia.?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menurut anda
bahasa indo iku sebaiknya harus ada kelas sosial apa tidak?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ada gak sih
keadilan bahasa iku?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-6926784338735674242012-06-19T21:35:00.002-07:002012-06-19T21:35:48.594-07:00DEIKSIS<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DEIKSIS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Oleh: Wahyudi<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span><span>A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Pengantar<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Bahasa memegang peranan penting
dalam kehidupan kita. <span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahasa
merupakan salah satu hasil budaya manusia yang sangat tinggi nilainya karena
dengan bahasa manusia dapat berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi dengan masyarakat di
sekitarnya. Dengan bahasa pula, manusia dimungkinkan dapat berkembang dan
mengabstraksikan berbagai gejala yang muncul di lingkungannya. Jelaslah bahwa
bahasa sangat penting peranannya dalam kehidupan sosial. Komunikasi akan
berjalan dengan lancar apabila sasaran bahasa yang digunakan tepat. Artinya
bahasa itu dipergunakan sesuai dengan situasi dan kondisi penutur dan sifat
penuturan itu dilaksanakan. Hal ini sangat bergantung pada faktor penentu dalam
tindak bahasa atau tindak komunikasi, yaitu lawan bicara, tujuan pembicara,
masalah yang dibicarakan, dan situasi. Penggunaan bahasa seperti inilah yang
disebut pragmatik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Pragmatik merupakan cabang ilmu
bahasa yang semakin dikenal pada masa sekarang. Hal itu dilandasi oleh
kesadaran para linguis bahwa upaya menguak hakikat bahasa tidak akan membawa
hasil yang diharapkan tanpa didasari pemahaman terhadap pragmatik, yakni
bagaimana bahasa itu digunakan dalam komunikasi (Leech, 1996:1). <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ada beberapa hal yang dikaji dalam kajian pragmatik. Deiksis
sebagai salah konstruksi dalam pragmatik akan dikupas dalam tulisan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Deiksis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam
KBBI (2005:245), deiksis diartikan hal atau fungsi menunjuk sesuatu di luar
bahasa; kata yang mengacu kepada persona, waktu, dan tempat suatu tuturan. Dalam
kegiatan berbahasa. kata-kata atau frasa-frasa yang mengacu kepada beberapa hal
tersebut penunjukannya berpindah-pindah atau berganti-ganti, tergantung pada
siapa yang menjadi pembicara, saat dan tempat dituturkannya kata-kata itu. Kata-kata
seperti <i>saya, <span>dia, kamu</span></i><b> </b>rnerupakan kata-kata yang penunjukannya
berganti-ganti. Rujukan kata-kata tersebut barulah dapat diketahui jika
diketahui pula siapa, di mana, dan pada waktu kapan kata-kata itu diucapkan. Dalam
bidang linguistik istilah penunjukan semacam itu disebut deiksis (Yule,
2006:13).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata
deiksis berasal dari kata Yunani <i>deiktikos </i>yang berarti 'hal yang menunjuk
secara 1angsung'. Dalam bahasa Yunani, deiksis merupakan istilah teknis untuk
salah satu hal yang mendasar yang dilakukan dalam tuturan. Sedangkan isti1ah <i>deiktikos
</i>yang dipergunakan oleh tata bahasa Yunani da1am pengertian sekarang kita
sebut kata ganti demonstratif. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span>Dari definisi di atas, bisa disimpulkan bahwa
deiksis<b> </b></span>adalah bentuk bahasa baik berupa kata maupun lainnya yang
berfungsi sebagai penunjuk hal atau fungsi tertentu di luar bahasa. Dengan kata
lain, sebuah bentuk bahasa bisa dikatakan bersifat deiksis apabila acuan/
rujukan/ referennya berpindah-pindah atau berganti-ganti pada siapa yang
menjadi si pembicara dan bergantung pula pada saat dan tempat dituturkannya kata
itu. Jadi, deiksis merupakan kata-kata yang tidak memiliki referen yang tetap.
Seperti contoh dialog berikut ini:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Ani : Hari ini <b>saya</b> akan pergi ke Surabaya. Kalau
kamu?<o:p></o:p></div>
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Ali :<span> </span><b>Saya </b>santai
di rumah.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Kata
‘Saya’ di atas sebagai kata ganti dari dua orang. Kata pertama adalah kata
ganti dari Ani. Sedangkan kedua adalah kata ganti Ali. Dari contoh di atas,
tampak kata ‘saya’ memiliki referen yang berpindah-pindah sesuai dengan konteks
pembicaraan serta situasi berbahasa.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">C. Macam Deiksis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Sesuatu
yang dirujuk oleh deiksis disebut anteseden. Dilihat dari antesedennya, deiksis
dibedakan atas lima macam yakni, <span>deiksis
persona, deiksis tempat, deiksis waktu, deiksis wacana, </span>dan <span>deiksis sosial</span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Deiksis Persona<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Deiksis persona berkaitan dengan peran peserta yang terlibat
dalam peristiwa berbahasa. Deiksis ini biasanya berupa kata ganti orang. Kata
ganti orang itu ada tiga kategori yaitu orang pertama, orang kedua dan orang
ketiga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata ganti orang pertama</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> merupakan rujukan pernbicara
kepada dirinya sendirin. Dengan kata lain kata ganti persona pertama rnerujuk pada
orang yang sedang berbicara. Kata ganti persona ini dibagi rnenjadi dua, yaitu
kata ganti persona pertarna tunggal dan kata ganti persona pertarna jarnak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata
ganti persona pertama tunggal rnempunyai beberapa bentuk, yaitu aku, saya, daku.
<span> </span>Selain bentuk kata ganti persona di atas,
digunakan pula nama-nama orang untuk menunjuk persona pertama tunggal (Samsuri,
1987:238). Anak-anak biasa memakai nama diri untuk merujuk, pada dirinya
misalnya seorang anak bemama agus suatu ketika dia ingin makan dan dia
mengucapkan "Agus mau makan" yang berarti 'Aku mau makan' (bagi diri
Agus). Akan tetapi apabila kalimat itu diucapkan oleh seorang ayah atau seorang
ibu dengan nada bertanya seperti "Agus mau makan?" maka nama Agus
tidak lagi merujuk pada pembicara tetapi merujuk pada persona kedua tunggal
(mitra tutur). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam
hal pemakainnya, bentuk persona pertama aku dan saya ada perbedaan. Bentuk saya
adalah bentuk yang formal dan umumnya dipakai dalam tulisan atau ujaran yang
resmi. Untuk tulisan formal pada buku nonfiksi, pidato, sambutan bentuk saya
banyak digunakan bahkan pemakian bentuk saya sudah menunjukan rasa hormat dan
sopan. Namun demikian tidak menutup kemungkinan bentuk saya dipakai dalam
situasi nonformal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata ganti persona kedua</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> adalah rujukan pembicara kepada
lawan bicara. Dengan kata lain bentuk kata ganti persona kedua baik tunggal
maupun jamak merujuk pada lawan bicara. Bentuk pronomina persona kedua tunggal
adalah kamu dan engkau. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebutan
ketaklaziman untuk pronomina persona kedua dalam bahasa Indonesia banyak
ragamnya, seperti anda, saudara, leksem kekerabatan seperti bapak, ibu, kakak
dan leksem jabatan seperti guru, dokter. Pemilihan bentuk mana yang harus
dipilih ditentukan oleh aspek sosiolinguistik. Bentuk <i><span>bapak/pak, ibu/bu</span></i><b>
</b>yang merupakan bentuk sapaan kekeluargaan menandakan dua pengertian. <b>Pertama</b>, orang yang mamakai bentuk-bentuk
tersebut memiliki hubungan akrab dengan lawan bicaranya. <b>Kedua</b>, dipergunakan untuk memanggil orang yang lebih tua atau orang
yang belum dikenal. Dengan kata lain pengertian kedua menandakan hubungan antara
pembicara dengan lawan bicara kurang akrab. Sedangkan bentuk <i><span>saudara,
anda</span></i><b> </b>biasanya digunakan untuk menghormat dan ada jarak yang nyata
antara pembicara dan lawam bicara. Khusus untuk bentuk ketakziman <b>anda </b>biasanya
dimaksudkan untuk menetralkan hubungan. Meskipun kata itu telah lama dipakai
tetapi struktur nilai sosial budaya kita masih membatasi pemakaian kata ganti
tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata ganti persona ketiga</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> merupakan kategori-sasi
rujukan pembicara kepada orang yang berada di luar tindak komunikasi. Dengan kata
lain bentuk kata ganti persona ketiga merujuk orang yang tidak berada baik pada
pihak pembicara maupun lawan bicara. Bentuk kata ganti persona ketiga dalam
bahasa Indonesia ada dua, yaitu bentuk tunggal dan bentuk jamak. Bentuk tunggal
pronomina persona ketiga mempunyai dua bentuk, yaitu ia dan dia yang mempunyai
variasi -nya. Bentuk pronomina persona ketiga jamak adalah <span>mereka </span>Di samping arti jamaknya,
bentuk <span>mereka </span>berbeda dengan
kata ganti persona ketiga tunggal dalam acuannya. Pada umumnya bentuk pronomina
persona ketiga hanya untuk merujuk insani. Akan tetapi pada karya sastra,
bentuk mereka kadang-kadang dipakai untuk merujuk binatang atau benda yang
dianggap bemyawa. Bentuk pronomina persona ketiga jamak ini tidak mempunyai variasi
bentuk, sehingga dalam posisi manapun hanya bentuk itu yang dipergunakan.
Penggunaan bentuk persona ini digunakan untuk hubungan yang netral, artinya
tidak digunakan untuk lebih menghormati atau pun sebaliknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata
ganti persona ketiga selain merujuk pada orang ketiga juga kemungkinannya
merujuk pada persona pertama dan persona kedua. Adanya Kemungkinan rujukan lain
merupakan akibat adanya perbedaan konteks penuturan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Contoh
ketiga macam deiksis personal di atas dalam kajian pragmatic adalah seperti
dalam dialog berikut ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Novi
: Liburan nanti <b>kamu</b> pergi kemana?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Septi
: <b>Aku</b> mau ke Sangata. Kalau <b>kamu</b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Novi
: <b>Aku</b> ke Sangata juga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Danar:
<b>Mereka</b> semua liburan. Aku kesepian
deh (gumam Danar dalam hati).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Deiksis Tempat<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Deiksis ini berkaitan dengan pemberian bentuk kepada
lokasi ruang dipandang dari lokasi pemeran dalam suatu peristiwa berbahasa.
Dilihat dari hubungan antara orang dan benda yang ditunjukkan, deiksis tempat
dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu jauh (distal) dan dekat (proksimal). Deiksis tempat
yang pertama menunjuk jarak yang jauh antara orang dan benda<span> </span>yang ditunjukkan seperti di sana, itu, dan
sebagainya. Deiksis tempat yang kedua menunjuk jarak yang dekat antara orang
dan benda <span> </span>yang ditunjukkan seperti di
sana, itu, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Akan tetapi, dalam mempertimbangkan deiksis tempat,
perlu diingat bahwa tempat, dari sudut pandang penutur, dapat ditetapkan baik
secara mental maupun fisik. Penutur yang untuk sementara waktu jauh dari rumah
mereka, akan sering terus memakai kata ‘di sini’ dengan maksud lokasi rumah
(jarak fisik), seolah-olah mereka masih ada di lokasi itu. Pernyataan ini
kadang-kadang dideskripsikan sebagai proyek deiksis dan kita lebih sering
memanfaatkan kemungkinan-kemungkinanya seperti kebanyakan teknologi yang
memungkinkan untuk memanipulasi tempat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dimungkinkan bahwa dasar deiksis tempat yang benar
sesungguhnya adalah jarak psikologis. Objek-objek kedekatan secara fisik akan
cenderung dipergunakan oleh penutur sebagai kedekatan secara psikologis. Juga
sesuatu yang jauh secara fisik secara umum akan diperlakukan sebagai jauh
secara psikologis (contoh: orang yang di sana itu). Akan tetapi penutur mungkin
juga bermaksud untuk menandai<span> </span>sesuatu
yang jauh secara psikologis ‘saya tidak menyukai itu’. Dalam analisis ini,
sepatah kata seperti ‘itu’ tidak memiliki arti yang pasti, tetapi kata ;itu;
ditanamkan dengan memiliki makna dalam konteks oleh seorang penutur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Contoh deiksis tempat berikut ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Agus : Om, kapan kamu <b>ke sini</b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Joko<span> </span>:<span> </span>Liburan nanti. Kalo kamu kapan main ke sini?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Agus :<span> </span>….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Deiksis Waktu<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Deiksis
waktu menunjuk kepada pengungkapan jarak waktu dipandang dari waktu atau saat
suatu ungkapan dibuat oleh pembicara seperti sekarang, pada saat itu, kemarin,
besok dan lain sebagainya. Semua ungkapan tersebut tergantung pada pemahaman
penutur tentang pengetahuan waktu tutuan yang relevan. Jika waktu tuturan tidak
diketahui dari suatu catatan, ada ketidakjelasan dalam hal waktu, contoh
kembalilah satu jam lagi. Landasan psikologis<span>
</span>dari deiksis waktu tampaknya sama dengan deiksis tempat. Kejadian waktu
dapat diperlakukan sebagai yang bergerak ke penutur atau sebaliknya. Contoh : <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">Sekarang bayar besok gratis</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Deiksis Wacana<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Deiksis
wacana merupakan deiksis yang mengacu apa yang terdapat dalam wacana.
Berdasarkan posisi antensendennya, deiksis wacana dibagi dua,yaitu anafora dan
katafora. Deiksis katafoa merupakan deiksis yang mengacu apa yang telah disebut
contoh : <i>Dedi</i> adalah adik saya.
Sekolah<i>nya</i> di Malang. Sedangkan
deiksis anafora adalah deiksis yang mengacu<span>
</span>yang akan disebut contoh: Dengan keterampilan<b>nya</b> dalam berbicara, <b>Desi</b>
disuruh menjadi MC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Deiksis Sosial<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Deiksis
sosial mengungkapkan perbedaan-perbedaan kemasyarakatan<span> </span>yang terdapat antara para partisispan yang
dalam peristiwa berbahasa, tertutama yang berhubungan dengan aspek budayanya.
Adanya deiksis ini menyebabkan kesopanan atau etiket berbahasa. Misalnya suatu
masyarakat menganggap kata ‘dancok’ adalah perkataan kasar. Tapi, menurut
masyarakat lain, kata tersebut adalah biasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kaitannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, yang perlu diperhatikan adalah
bagaimana menggunakan semua deiksis tersebut dengan tepat. Dengan perkataan
lain, dalam suatu peristiwa berbahasa pemakai bahasa dituntut dapat menggunakan
semua deiksis sesuai dengan kadar sosial dan santun berbahasa dengan tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Simpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Bedasarkan
pembahasan di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa deiksis adalah bentuk bahasa yang
referennya berubah-ubah. Berdasarkan antensendennya, deiksis dibagi menjadi
lima, yaitu <span>deiksis persona, deiksis tempat,
deiksis waktu, deiksis wacana, </span>dan <span>deiksis sosial</span>. Dalam suatu peristiwa berbahasa pemakai bahasa
dituntut dapat menggunakan semua deiksis sesuai dengan kadar sosial dan santun
berbahasa dengan tepat.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahan Bacaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Depdikbud. 2005. <i>Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. </i>Jakarta:
Balai Bahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Leech, Geoffrey. 1993. <i>Prinsip-prinsip Pragmatik. </i>Jakarta: UI
Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Samsuri. 1987. <i>Analisis
Bahasa. </i>Jakarta: Erlangga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Yule, George. 2009. <i>Pragmatik.</i> Jakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-6267470778126434662012-06-19T21:30:00.000-07:002012-06-19T21:30:32.320-07:00Peranggapan dan Entailmen Dalam Tutur Kata<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peranggapan dan Entailmen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam Tutur Kata<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh:
joko yulianto<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan
peranggapan dan entailmen bisa diartikan tumpang tindih, peranggapan lebih
menekankan pada asumsi atau inferensi ujar, namun entailmen berusaha memaparkan
logika yang sebenarnya. Kehadiran entailmen disini bisa mematahkan peranggapan
yang terjadi. Entailmen berusaha mencari kelogisan dari peranggapan. Hal ini
bisa dilihat dari pendapat yule (2006) yang menyatakan bahwa entailmen adalah
sesuatu yang secara logis ada atau mengikuti apa yang ditegaskan didalam
tuturan. Sebagai informasi yang diasumsikan dapat diidentifikasi secara tepat
yang akan diasosiasikan dengan tuturan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mey
(1998) menjelaskan bahwa entailmen adalah bisnis logika, ini menunjukkan
perkiraan bahwa dalam hal apapun yang relevan dalam analisis logis dari bahasa
alami. Entailmen bukan konsep pragmatic (karena berhubungan dengan maksud
penutur), tetapi entailmen dianggap sebagai suatu konsep logis yang murni. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peranggapan
pragmatic meripakan inferensi pragmatic yang sensitive terhadap factor konteks.
Peranggapan mengandung makna semua latar belakang asumsi yang dapat membuat
suatu tindakan, teori, ungkapan ataupun tuturan masuk akal. Levinson
menyimpulkan bahwa definisi-definisi mengenai peranggapan pragmatic mengandung
dua hal pokok yaitu kesesuaian atau kepuasan dan pemahaman bersama. Bertolak
dari dua hal tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemahaman bersama dan kesesuaian
merupakan hal-hal mendasar dalam berbagai definisi mengenai peranggapan
pragmatic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah
kalimat dapat dikatakan memperanggapkan kalimat lain bila ketidakbenaran
kalimat kedua (yang diperanggapkan) mengakibatkan kalimatpertama (yang
memperanggapkan) tidak dapat dikatakan benar atau salah. Hal ini senada dengan
pendapat rahardi yang menyatakan bahwa sebuah tuturan dapat dikatakan memperanggapka
tuturan yang lain apabila ketidakbenaran tuturan yang diperanggapkan
mengakibatkan kebenaran atau ketidakbenaran tuturan yang mempranggapkan tidak
dapat dikatakan. Contoh: “mahasiswa tercantik di kelas itu pandai sekali”
Peranggapan yang memperanggapkan adanya seorang mahasiswa yang berparas sangat
cantik. Apabila pada kenyataanya memang ada mahasiswa yang berparas cantik
dikelas itu, ukuran diatas dapat dinilai benar atau salahnya. Sebaliknya apabila
dikelas itu tidak ada seorang mahasiswi yang berparas cantik, ukuran tersebut
tidak dapat ditentukan benar salahnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peranggapan
pragmatic membedakan dua konsep, yakni (1). Peranggapan semantic dan (2).
Peranggapan pragmatic. Peranggapan semantic adalah bila suatu pernyataan dapat
ditarik peranggapanya melalui leksikon. Dapat dikatakan Peranggapan pragmatic
bila suatu pernyataan dapat ditarik peranggapannya melalui konteks. Jadi, suatu
ujaran tidak selalu dapat ditangkap maknanya hannya dengan mengetahui ujaran
itu saja, tetapi ujaran itu harus ditambahkan dengan pengetahuan bersama yang
dimiliki oleh pasangan sehingga makna suatu ujaran dapat dipahami. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mey
(1998) mengungkapkan bahwa peranggapan adalah property kalimat, membuat kalimat
yang sesuai untuk digunakan dalam konteks tertentu dan tidak layak untuk digunakan
dalam konteks lain. Kebanyakan kalimat bahasa alami membawa satu atau lebih
pengandaian-pengandaian. Jika kalimat membawa peranggapan A, maka A pasti benar
untuk B benar, atau lebih tepatnya preposisi yang dinyatakan oleh A pasti benar
untuk proposisi yang dinyatakan oleh B untuk menjadi kenyataan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peranggapan
merupakan anggapan awal yang secara tersirat dimiliki oleh sebuah ungkapan
kebahasaan sebagai bentuk respon awal pendengar dalam menghadapi suatu ungkapan
kebahasaan tersebut. Namun, para ahli menampilkan beberapa kesamaan sudut
pandang, yaitu (a) peranggapan merupakan asumsi atau anggapan dasar penutur
mengenai suatu hal, dan (b) peranggapan merupakan penarikan kesimpulan suatu
tuturan berdasarkan pemahaman dan pengetahuan bersama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis Jenis Pranggapan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis-jenis
peranggapan seperti yang diungkap oleh yule dibedakan menjadi enam peranggapan
yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">peranggapan eksistensi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">prangapan<span> </span>faktif<span>
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">prangapan non-faktif <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">prangapan leksikal <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">prangapan struktual <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">prangapan konter-faktual/ peranggapan factual
tandingan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berdasarkan
jenis-jenis prangapan tersebut, untuk lebih jelasnya akan diuraikan maksud dari
masing-masing peranggapa dan disertai contoh-contohnya, jenis-jenis prangapan
sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prangapan eksistensial .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prangapan eksistensial adalah prangapan yang
mengasosiasikan adanya suatu keberadaan. Penyebab pranggapan ini tidak hanya di
asumsikan terdapat dalam susunan posesif tetapi juga lebih umum dalam frasa
nomina tertentu. Penggunaan unkapan-ungkapan apa pun, penuturan diasumsikan terlibat
dalam keberadaan entitas-entitas yang disebutkan, misalnya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>“khoiron adalah pria yang baik dan lugu“. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuturan
tersebut mengandung peranggapan eksistensial kalau ada pria yang bernama
khoiron dan dia memiliki sifat baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Septy
temanku di unesa yang cantik itu mendapatkan nilai A pada mata kuliah
pragmatic”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuturan
dalam kalimat tersebut mengadung peranggapan eksistensial kalau ada mahasiswi
unesa yang cantik dan mendapatkan nilai A pada mata kuliah pragmatic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikelasku
ada mahasiswi yang jago bahasa inggris, baik hati & cerdik, dia anak
ponorogo yang tinggal di Surabaya bersama kakaknya, dia bernama endang sri
maruty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
tuturan diatas mengandung peranggapan eksistensial kalau ada mahasiswi yang
bernama endang sri maruty yang pandai berbahasa inggris, baik hati dan cerdik
yang berasal dari ponorogo dan dia tinggal di Surabaya dengan kakaknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Dari ketiga contoh diatas kita dapat
menyimpulkan kalau tuturan kalimat yang mengandung eksistensial pasti
menerangkan subyek pada kalimat tersebut, artinya disetiap kalimat yang
mengandung eksistensial pasti mengandung subyek.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Pranggapan faktif .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pranggapan faktif merupakan pranggaan yang
mengikuti kata kerja yang dapat di anggap sebagai suatu kenyataan. seerti
contoh berikut, disebutkan bahwa kata kerja “menemukan“ mempranggapkan
informasi yang disampaikan. Berikut dipaparkan contoh penyebab pranggapan
faktif. Sejumlah kata kerja seperti: tahu, menyadari, menyesal, sadar,
mengherankan, dan<span> </span>gembira. memiliki pranggapan<span> </span>faktif. berikut disajikan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
praanggapan faktif yang bersumber dari yule ( 2006 : 47 ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“andi tidak menyadari bahwa dia sakit”<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuturan
mempraanggapkan bahwa dia sakit. kata ‘menyadari‘ memunyai asumsi bahwa
sebenarnya andi pada kenyataanya dia sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“kami menyesal mengatakan kepadanya”<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuturan
dari kalimat tersebut memprangapkan bahwa<span>
</span>‘kami mengatakan kepadanya‘. Kata ‘menyesal‘ di asumsikan sebagai bentuk
kenyataan bahwa ‘ kami ‘ tidak berniat mengatakan hal itu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“saya tidak sadar bahwa dia sudah
menikah”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuturan
kalimat ini mempranggapkan bahwa ‘dia sudah menikah‘. frasa ‘tidak sadar’
memberikan aumsi saya tidak menyadari bahwa kenyataannya “dia sudah menikah”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">prangapan non-faktif <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kebenaran peranggapan non-faktif adalah suatu
pranggapan yang diasumsikan tidak benar. Kata-kata kerja seperti “bermimpi”,
“membayangkan”, “berpura-pura” dan lainnya. Peranggapan non-faktif ini
digunakan dengan pranggapan yang mengikutinya tidak benar. Berikut contoh
kebenaran pranggapan<span> </span>non-faktif:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">saya
bermimpi bahwa saya ditunjuk oleh presiden susilo bambang yudhoyono untuk
mengantikan Menteri Pendidikan Republik Indonesia yang di anggap belum mampu
memajukan pendidikan Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuturan
diatas memperanggapkan bahwa saya bukan orang yang ditunjuk Presiden SBY untuk
mengantikan menteri pendidikan yang dianggap gagal membangun pendidikan di
Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saya
membayangkan kalau khoiron jadian dengan putri ponorogo pasti akan seru dan pasti
akan ada perang dingin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata
“membayangkan” diatas menyebabkan peranggapan bahwa khoiron belum/tidak jadian dengan
putri ponorogo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peranggapan
Leksikal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peranggapan leksikal merupakan peranggapan yang
dalam pemakaian suatu bentuk dengan makna yang dinyatakan secara konvensional
ditafsirkan dengan peranggapan lain (yang tidak dinyatakan) dipahami. Di dalam
kasus peranggapan leksikal, pemakaian ungkapan khusus oleh<span> </span>penutur diambil untuk memperanggapkan sebuah
konsep lain<span> </span>(tidak dinyatakan),
sedangkan pada kasus peranggapan faktif, pemakaian ungkapan khusus diambil
untuk memperanggapkan kebenaran informasi yang disampaikan oleh penutur. Contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">wahyudi
: “ron kenapasih kamu kok tidak mau pacaran lagi dengan dia?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">khoiron
: “aku tak mau diduakan lagi!!” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tuturan
yang di ucapkan wahyudi tersebut memperanggapkan bahwa khoiron pernah pacaran
dan kata lagi mempunyai arti yang menunjukkan pengulangan terhadap sesuatu,
maksudnya pengulangan yang mempertannyakan sebab/alasan khoiron menerima atau
menolak pacaran lagi dengan si dia. Peranggapan leksikal pada tuturannya
khoiron “aku takmau diduakan lagi” menunjukkan khoiron pernah diduakan
“pacarnya khoiron yang dulu selain dekat dengan khoiron juga dekat dengan orang
lain” dan kata tak mau lagi menunjukkan dia tidakmau kejadian tersebut terulang
untuk kesekian kalinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peranggapan structural<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peranggapan structural, dalam hal ini struktur
kalimat-kalimat tertentu telah dianalisis sebagai peranggapan secara tetap dan
konvensional bahwa bagian struktur itu sudah diasumsikan kebenarannya. Penutur
diasumsikan dapat mengunakan struktur-struktur yang sedemikian untuk
memperlakukan informasi seperti yang diprasangkakan<span> </span>(karena dianggap benar) dan dari sini
kebenarannya diterima oleh penutur. Tipe pranggapan structural ini dapat
menuntun penutur untuk mempercayai bahwa informasi yang disajikan pasti benar,
bukan sekedar peranggapan seseorang yang sedang bertannya. Pada contoh berikut
digambarkan penyebab pranggapan structural yang pertannyaan tersebut bisa
memperkirakan jawaban<span> </span>dan bisa diterima
kebenarannya. Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
saja penghargaan yang diterima oleh pak Rasmian ditingkat nasional?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuturan
ini mempunyai peranggapan bahwa rasmian menerima penghargaan di tingkat
nasional. Kata tannya “apa saja” dalam tuturan tersebut mengasumsikan bentuk
jawabaan nominal yang mengiringi peranggapan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapan
khoiron mengungkapkan cinta kepadamu? Kok tiba-tiba khoiron melamar kamu!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
tuturan diatas memperanggapkan bahwa khoiron telah mengucapkan cita/suka pada
seseorang. Dalam hal ini penutur secara tidak langsung mengetahui mereka telah
berpacaran dan dalam proses melamar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span>F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prangapan Konter-faktual/ Peranggapan
Faktual Tandingan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peranggapan
konter-faktual merupakan peranggapan yang diperanggapkan tidak hannya tidak
benar, tetapi kebalikannya (lawan) dari benar atau bertolak belakang dengan
kenyataannya. Berikut contoh kebenaran pranggapan konterfaktual. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Andaikan
kamu temanku, kamu pasti akan menolongku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata
“andaikan” pada tuturan diatas mempunyai makna yang memperanggapkan bahwa
kenyataanya kamu bukan temanku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
aku menjadi suamimu aku tidak akan melarang kamu untuk menjadi wanita karier.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari kata “jika aku
menjadi suamimu” pada tuturan diatas mempunya makna yang memperanggapkan bahwa
kenyataanya aku bukan suaminya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah
kalimat dikatakan memperanggapkan kalimat lain jika ketidak benaran kalimat
yang kedua (jika diperanggapkan) mengakibatkan kalimat yang pertama (yang
memperanggapkan tidak dapat dikatakan benar atau salah. Peranggapan kalimat
sederhana akan berlangsung benar apabila kalimat sederhana itu menjadi bagian
dari kalimat yang lebih kompleks. Arti dari keseluruhan kalimat itu merupakan
gabungan dari arti bagian-bagian kalimat itu, akan tetapi arti dari sebagian
pranggapan (sebagai “bagian-bagian”) tidak mampu menjadi arti dari beberapa
kalimat kopleks (sebagai keseluruhan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chaer,
Abdul. 1994. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">______.
1995. Sosiolinguistik: Perkenalan Awal. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kamus
Besar Bahasa Indonesia onlain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mey,
Jacob L. 1998. Concise encyclopedia of pragmatics. Oxford: elseiver science
Ltd.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rahardi,
Kunjana. 2005. Pragmatik: Kesantunan Imperatif Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta:
Penerbit Erlangga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ramlan,
M. 1987. Ilmu Bahasa Indonesia: Morfologi Suatu Tinjauan Deskriptif.
Yogyakarta: CV Karyono.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warsiman.
2007. Kaidah Bahasa Indonesia yang Benar. Bandung: Dewa Ruci.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wijana,
I. Dewa Putu. 1996. Dasar-dasar Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: Andi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yule,
George. 2006. Pragmatic. Terjemahan oleh indah fajar wahyuni. Yogyakarta:
pustaka pelajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-41197067828937019612012-06-19T21:25:00.000-07:002012-06-19T21:25:04.387-07:00RENCANA PELAKSANAAN PERKULIAHAN (RPP) PRAGMATIK JURUSAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA INDONESIA<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RENCANA
PELAKSANAAN PERKULIAHAN (RPP) PRAGMATIK<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JURUSAN
BAHASA DAN SASTRA INDONESIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oleh:
joko yulianto<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IDENTITAS MATA KULIAH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama
Matakuliah<span> </span><span> </span>:<span>
</span>PRAGMATIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kode
Matakuliah<span> </span><span> </span>: BH38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kredit
Semester<span> </span><span> </span>: 2 SKS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Program
Studi<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>:<span> </span>Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semester/T.A<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>:<span> </span>GANJIL / 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hari
Pertemuan/Jam<span> </span><span> </span>:<span>
</span>Jum’at /08.00 s.d 10.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ruang<span> </span><span> </span>:<span>
</span>K4-04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama
Dosen<span> </span><span> </span>:<span>
</span>joko yulianto, S.Pd.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telp./Fax/HP<span> </span><span> </span>:<span> </span>081 515 282 444<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Email<span> </span><span> </span>:<span> </span><a href="mailto:jokoyulianto444@gmail.com">jokoyulianto444@gmail.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MATAKULIAH INI MENGKAJI TENTANG<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span> </span>Filosofi
dan sejarah pragmatik,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span> </span>pengertian
dan kompetensi pragmatik,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span> </span>kaitan
pragmatik dengan ilmu-ilmu lain,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span> </span>deiksis,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span> </span>implikatur
percakapan,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span> </span>praanggapan,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span> </span>tindak
bahasa, dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.<span> </span>strukturr
percakapan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MANFAAT MATAKULIAH PRAGMATIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Matakuliah
ini ditawarkan untuk membantu mahasiswa memperoleh pemahaman dan keterampilan
tentang:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filosofi dan sejarah pragmatik, (b) pengertian dan
kompetensi pragmatik, (c) kaitan pragmatik dengan ilmu-ilmu lain, (d) deiksis,
(e) Implikatur percakapan, (f) praanggapan, (g) tindak bahasa, dan (g) struktur
percakapan. yang kesemuanya sangat bermanfaat bagi mahasiswa bila kelak menjadi
guru bahasa dan sastra Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkuliahan
ini berlangsung melalui strategi pembelajaran<span>
</span>berbasislearning revolution dengan mengandalkan model-model pembelajaran:
SCL, tinjauan kritis buku, penelitian sederhana, diskusi, belajar kooperatif,
dan pembelajaran kontekstual. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam perkuliahan ini
adalah Contextual Teaching-Learning (CTL) dengan<span> </span>ceramah (kuliah mimbar), diskusi kelompok,
diskusi kelas, penugasan, proyek dan kerja praktek mahasiswa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR RUJUKAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antilan Purba, 2002. Pragmatik Bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaswanti Purwo,<span>
</span>1984, Deiksis dalam Bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaswanti Purwo,<span>
</span>1988, Pragmatik dalam Pengajaran Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P.W.J. Nababan, 1987, Ilmu Pragmatik Teori dan
Penerapannya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.G. Tarigan, 1986. Pengajaran Pragmatik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RANCANGAN BELAJAR (Kompetensi Dasar, Bahan Ajar,
Aktivitas Belajar, Hasil Belajar, Dampak Hasil Belajar, dan Sumber Belajar)</span><b><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="FI" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 1290px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 28.85pt; mso-row-margin-right: 24.1pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="4" style="background: #BFBFBF; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.85pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NO</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.85pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.8pt;" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KOMPETENSI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.85pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -8.8pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MATERI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="12" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.85pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.0cm;" width="680">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">L E A R N I N G R E V O L U T I O N</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.85pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113"></td>
<td style="height: 28.85pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-row-margin-right: 24.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td colspan="9" rowspan="2" style="background: #EAF1DD; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 10.0cm;" width="378">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aktivitas
Pembelajaran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background: #EAF1DD; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil
Belajar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Output</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" style="background: #EAF1DD; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dampak
Hasil Belajar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Outcome)</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SUMBER
BELAJAR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.35pt; mso-row-margin-right: 24.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #EAF1DD; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hard
Skills</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #EAF1DD; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soft
Skills</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #EAF1DD; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembelajaran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #EAF1DD; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dosen</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #EAF1DD; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mahasiswa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mahasiswa memahami tujuan dan
manfaat mata kuliah </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Motivasi
belajar tinggi, kepatuhan terhadap kontrak kuliah, kemandirian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)Mempersepsi
secara umum kontrak perkuliahan, pengenalan pointer materi kuliah dan
materi kuliah secara keseluruhan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)Melakukan
pembagian kelompok belajar masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 5-6
orang (disebut sebagai KELOMPOK ASAL). Kelompok ini bertugas melakukan
pengkajian tentang materi perkuliahan:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contextual
Instruction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Small Gro
up Discission</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkenalan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengenalan Pointer Materi Kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyampaian
Kontrak dan tugas kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merencanakan
konsep studi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membentuk
kelompok belajar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Respon interaktif antar mahasiswa dan
dng dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terciptanya
konsep dan rencana studi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terbentuknya
kelompok belajar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesepakatan
tugas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tumbuhnya kebiasaan merespon di
kalangan mhs.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkembangnya kemampuan dlm merenc.
Studi baik pribadi maupun kelompok</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kontrak Perkuliahan</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 152.3pt; mso-row-margin-right: 24.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 152.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 152.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mahasiswa
dapat menjelaskan Filosofi dan Sejarah Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 152.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketangguhan
mencari referensi, kemandirian belajar, keterbukaan terhadap pendapat orang
lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 152.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filosofi
dan Sejarah Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 152.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discovery</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooperative Lear- ning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem Based Introduction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Investigasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penugasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 152.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyepakati
kompetensi target</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merancang
tugas mhs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membimbing
mhs bedah materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melayani
dialog dan Tanya jawab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 152.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membedah
materi kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusi
kel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membangun dialog sesama mhs mau pun
dng dosn</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajukan
pertanyaan pd dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merangkum
hasil kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 152.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -.05pt;">
<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persepsi yang
jelas ttg Filosofi dan Sejarah Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -.05pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 152.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tumbuhnya kebiasaan merespon di
kalangan mhs.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkembangnya kemampuan dlm merenc.
Studi baik pribadi maupun kelompok</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 152.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antilan Purba, 2002, Pragmatik Bhs.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaswanti Purwo, 1988, Pragmatik dalam Bahasa Ind.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nababan,1987</span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.G Tarigan, 1986. Pengajaran
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 152.3pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 34.35pt; mso-row-margin-right: 24.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mahasiswa
dapat menjelaskan<b><i> </i></b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pengertian
dan kompetensi Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Responsip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bermotivasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkemauan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan
Berkehendak untuk belajar mandiri dan kelompok</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berpikir
kritis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percaya diri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produktif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian dan kompetensi
pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discovery Learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem Based Introduction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooperative Scrip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Investigasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penugasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyepakati
kompetensi target</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merancang
tugas mhs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membimbing
mhs bedah materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melayani
dialog dan Tanya jawab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membedah
materi kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusi
kel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membangun dialog dengn sesama mhs
maupun dgn dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajukan
pertanyaan pd dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merangkum
hasil kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persepsi yang jelas
mengenai </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian dan kompetensi
pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebiasaan mengunakan Pragmatik dengan benar atas
dasar pemahaman </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian dan kompetensi
pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pembelajaran </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antilan Purba, 2002, Pragmatik Bhs.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaswanti Purwo, 1988, Pragmatik dalam Bahasa Ind.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nababan,1987</span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.G Tarigan, 1986. Pengajaran
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 34.35pt; mso-row-margin-right: 24.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mahasiswa
dapat menjelaskan<b><i> </i></b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian
dan kompetensi pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Lanjutan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketangguhan
mencari referensi, kemandirian belajar, keterbukaan terhadap pendapat orang
lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian dan kom petensi
pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Lanjutan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discovery Learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem Based Intro duction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooperati</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ve Scrip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Investigasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penugasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyepakati
kompetensi target</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merancang
tugas mhs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membimbing
mhs bedah materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melayani
dialog dan Tanya jawab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membedah
materi kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusi
kel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membangun dialog dengn sesama mhs
maupun dgn dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajukan
pertanyaan pd dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merangkum hasil
kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persepsi yang jelas
mengenai </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian dan kompetensi
pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebiasaan mengunakan Pragmatik dengan benar atas
dasar pemahaman </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian dan kompetensi
pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pembelajaran </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antilan Purba, 2002, Pragmatik Bhs.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaswanti Purwo, 1988, Pragmatik dalam Bahasa Ind.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nababan,1987</span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.G Tarigan, 1986. Pengajaran
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 34.35pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.55pt; mso-row-margin-right: 24.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="18" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 864.8pt;" valign="top" width="1153">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FORMATIF I </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 187.55pt; mso-row-margin-right: 24.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 187.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 187.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mahasiswa
dapat menjelaskan Kaitan Pragmatik dengan Ilmu-ilmu yang Lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 187.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketangguhan
mencari referensi, kemandirian belajar, keterbukaan terhadap pendapat orang
lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 187.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaitan
Pragmatik dengan Ilmu-ilmu yang Lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 187.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discovery Learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem Based Intro duction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooperati</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ve Scrip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Investigasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penugasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 187.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyepakati
kompetensi target</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merancang
tugas mhs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membimbing
mhs bedah materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melayani
dialog dan Tanya jawab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 187.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membedah
materi kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusi
kelompok</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membangun dialog dengn sesama mhs
maupun dgn dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajukan
pertanyaan pd dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merangkum
hasil kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 187.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Persepsi
yang jelas mengenai Kaitan Pragmatik dengan Ilmu-ilmu yang Lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 187.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebiasaan mengunakan Pragmatik dengan
benar atas dasar pemahaman </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengenai
kaitannya dengan ilmu lain</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 187.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antilan Purba, 2002, Pragmatik Bhs.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaswanti Purwo, 1988, Pragmatik dalam Bahasa Ind.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nababan,1987</span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.G Tarigan, 1986. Pengajaran
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 187.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 167.15pt; mso-row-margin-right: 24.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 167.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 167.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mahasiswa
dapat menjelaskan Kaitan Pragmatik dengan Ilmu-ilmu yang Lain (Lanjutan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 167.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Responsip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bermotivasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komit Berke mauan dan Berkehendak
untuk belajar mandiri dan kelompok Berpik kritis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percaya diri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produktif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 167.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaitan
Pragmatik dengan Ilmu-ilmu yang Lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Lanjutan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 167.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discovery Learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem Based Intro duction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooperati</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ve Scrip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Investigasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penugasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 167.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyepakati
kompetensi target</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merancang
tugas mhs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membimbing
mhs bedah materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melayani
dialog dan Tanya jawab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 167.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membedah
materi kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusi
kelo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membangun dialog dengn sesama mhs
maupun dgn dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajukan
pertanyaan pd dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merangkum
hasil kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 167.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Persepsi
yang jelas mengenai Kaitan Pragmatik dengan Ilmu-ilmu yang Lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 167.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebiasaan mengunakan Pragmatik dengan
benar atas dasar pemahaman </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengenai
kaitannya dengan ilmu lain</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 167.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antilan Purba, 2002, Pragmatik Bhs.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaswanti Purwo, 1988, Pragmatik dalam Bahasa Ind.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nababan,1987</span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.G Tarigan, 1986. Pengajaran
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 167.15pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 170.3pt; mso-row-margin-right: 24.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mahasiswa
dapat menjelaskan deiksis dalam bahasa Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketangguhan
mencari referensi, kemandirian belajar, keterbukaan terhadap pendapat orang
lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deiksis dalam
bahasa Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discovery Learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem Based Intro duction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooperati</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ve Scrip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Investigasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penugasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyepakati
kompetensi target</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merancang
tugas mhs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membimbing
mhs bedah materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melayani
dialog dan Tanya jawab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membedah
materi kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusi
kel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membangun dialog dengn sesama mhs
maupun dgn dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajukan
pertanyaan pd dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merangkum hasil
kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Persepsi
yang jelas mengenai Deiksis dalam bahasa Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebiasaan menggunakan Deiksis
secara tepat dalam berbahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkembangnyakemampuan
dlmmenggunakan deiksis secara benar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antilan Purba, 2002, Pragmatik Bhs.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaswanti Purwo, 1988, Pragmatik dalam Bahasa Ind.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nababan,1987</span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.G Tarigan, 1986. Pengajaran
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 170.3pt; mso-row-margin-right: 24.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mahasiswa
dapat menjelaskan deiksis dalam bahasa Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (lanjutan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Responsip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bermotivasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komit Berke mauan dan Berkehendak
untuk belajar mandiri dan kelompok Berpik kritis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percaya diri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produktif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deiksis dalam
bahasa Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Lanjutan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discovery Learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem Based Intro duction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooperati</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ve Scrip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Investigasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penugasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyepakati
kompetensi target</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merancang
tugas mhs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membimbing
mhs bedah materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melayani
dialog dan Tanya jawab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membedah
materi kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusi
kel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membangun dialog dengn sesama mhs
maupun dgn dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajukan
pertanyaan pd dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merangkum
hasil kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Persepsi
yang jelas mengenai Deiksis dalam bahasa Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebiasaan menggunakan Deiksis
secara tepat dalam berbahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkembangnyakemampuan
dlmmenggunakan deiksis secara benar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antilan Purba, 2002, Pragmatik Bhs.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaswanti Purwo, 1988, Pragmatik dalam Bahasa Ind.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nababan,1987</span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.G Tarigan, 1986. Pengajaran
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 170.3pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.2pt; mso-row-margin-right: 24.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="18" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 864.8pt;" valign="top" width="1153">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TES
FORMATIF II </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 20.2pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mahasiswa
dapat menjelaskan Implikatur Percakapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketangguhan
mencari referensi, kemandirian belajar, keterbukaan terhadap pendapat orang
lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Implikatur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percakapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discovery Learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem Based Intro duction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooperati</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ve Scrip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Investigasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penugasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyepakati
kompetensi target</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merancang
tugas mhs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membimbing
mhs bedah materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melayani
dialog dan Tanya jawab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membedah
materi kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusi
kel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membangun dialog dengn sesama mhs
maupun dgn dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajukan
pertanyaan pd dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merangkum
hasil kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persepsi yang jelas mengenai Implikatur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percakapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebiasaan menggunakan implikatur
percakapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkembang</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nya kemampuan menggunakan implikatur
percakapan secara benar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antilan Purba, 2002, Pragmatik Bhs.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaswanti Purwo, 1988, Pragmatik dalam Bahasa Ind.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nababan,1987</span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.G Tarigan, 1986. Pengajaran
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mahasiswa
dapat menje laskan pengertian dan konsep praanggapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Responsip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bermotivasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komit Berke mauan dan Berkehendak
untuk belajar mandiri dan kelompok Berpik kritis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percaya diri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produktif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Praanggapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discovery Learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem Based Intro duction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooperati</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ve Scrip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Investigasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penugasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyepakati
kompetensi target</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merancang
tugas mhs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membimbing
mhs bedah materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melayani
dialog dan Tanya jawab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membedah
materi kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusi
kel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membangun dialog dengn sesama mhs
maupun dgn dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajukan
pertanyaan pd dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merangkum
hasil kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -41.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persepsi yang jelas mengenai </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Praanggapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebiasaan menggunakan Praanggapan
dalam berbahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkembang</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nya kemam puan menggunakan
Praanggapan secara benar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antilan Purba, 2002, Pragmatik Bhs.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaswanti Purwo, 1988, Pragmatik dalam Bahasa Ind.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nababan,1987</span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.G Tarigan, 1986. Pengajaran
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mahasiswa
dapat menjelaskan Tindak Bahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketangguhan
mencari referensi, kemandirian belajar, keterbukaan terhadap pendapat orang
lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindak Bahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discovery Learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem Based Intro duction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooperati</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ve Scrip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Investigasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penugasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyepakati
kompetensi target</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merancang
tugas mhs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membimbing
mhs bedah materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melayani
dialog dan Tanya jawab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membedah
materi kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusi
kel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membangun dialog dengn sesama mhs
maupun dgn dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajukan
pertanyaan pd dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merangkum
hasil kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persepsi yang jelas
mengenai </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindak Bahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebiasaan menggunakan Tindak Bahasa
dalam berbahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkembangnya
kemampuan menggu nakan Tindak Bahasa secara benar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antilan Purba, 2002, Pragmatik Bhs.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaswanti Purwo, 1988, Pragmatik dalam Bahasa Ind.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nababan,1987</span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.G Tarigan, 1986. Pengajaran
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mahasiswa
dapat menjelaskan Tindak Bahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Lanjutan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Responsip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bermotivasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komit Berke mauan dan Berkehendak
untuk belajar mandiri dan kelompok Berpik kritis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percaya diri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produktif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindak Bahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Lanjutan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discovery Learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem Based Intro duction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooperati</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ve Scrip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Investigasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penugasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyepakati
kompetensi target</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merancang
tugas mhs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membimbing
mhs bedah materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melayani
dialog dan Tanya jawab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membedah
materi kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusi
Kel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membangun dialog dengn sesama mhs
maupun dgn dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajukan
pertanyaan pd dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merangkum
hasil kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -41.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persep </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Persepsi yang jelas mengenai </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindak Bahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebiasaan menggunakan Tindak Bahasa
dalam berbahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkembangnya
kemampuan menggunakan Tindak Bahasa secara benar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antilan Purba, 2002, Pragmatik Bhs.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaswanti Purwo, 1988, Pragmatik dalam Bahasa Ind.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nababan,1987</span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.G Tarigan, 1986. Pengajaran
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mahasiswa
dapat menjelaskan Struktur Percakapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketangguhan
mencari referensi, kemandirian belajar, keterbukaan terhadap pendapat orang
lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur
Percakapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discovery Learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem Based Intro duction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooperati</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ve Scrip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Investigasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penugasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyepakati
kompetensi target</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merancang
tugas mhs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membimbing
mhs bedah materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melayani
dialog dan Tanya jawab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membedah materi
kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusi
Kel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membangun dialog dengn sesama mhs
maupun dgn dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajukan
pertanyaan pd dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merangkum
hasil kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -41.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persep Persepsi yang jelas
mengenai </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur
Percakapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebiasaan menggunakan Struktur Percakapan
dalam berbahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkembang</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nya kemampuan menggunakan Struktur
Percakapan secara benar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antilan Purba, 2002, Pragmatik Bhs.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaswanti Purwo, 1988, Pragmatik dalam Bahasa Ind.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nababan,1987</span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.G Tarigan, 1986. Pengajaran
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.6pt;" width="67"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.25pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.75pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mahasiswa
dapat menjelaskan Struktur Percakapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Lanjutan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.05pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Responsip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bermotivasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komit Berke mauan dan Berkehendak
untuk belajar mandiri dan kelompok</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berpik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ir</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kritis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percaya diri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produktif if</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur
Percakapan (Lanjutan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discovery Learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem Based Intro duction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cooperati</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ve Scrip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Investigasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penugasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyepakati
kompetensi target</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merancang
tugas mhs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membimbing
mhs bedah materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melayani
dialog dan Tanya jawab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membedah
materi kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusi
Kel.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membangun
dialog dengn sesama mhs maupun dgn dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajukan
pertanyaan pd dosen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merangkum
hasil kuliah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -41.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persep Persepsi yang jelas
mengenai </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur
Percakapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebiasaan menggunakan Struktur
Percakapan sa dalam berbahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkembang</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nya kemampuan menggunakan Struktur
Percakapan secara benar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antilan Purba, 2002, Pragmatik Bhs.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaswanti Purwo, 1988, Pragmatik dalam Bahasa Ind.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nababan,1987</span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.G Tarigan, 1986. Pengajaran
Pragmatik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TES FORMATIF III </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TES FORMATIF IV (UAS)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-26948346641141693512012-04-18T01:04:00.000-07:002012-04-18T01:04:46.225-07:00folklor Struktur Cerita “Okesa Si Penari”<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama <span> </span>: Putri Rahayuningtyas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NIM<span> </span>: 117835033<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Prodi S-2 Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra (Konsentrasi Bahasa Asing)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Foklor Jepang :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Okesa Si Penari<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dahulu kala ada sepasang orang tua yang mempunyai seekor kucing mungil, yang mereka pelihara dengan penuh kasih sayang. Kemudian pasangan itu jatuh miskin, dan harus hidup dengan sengsara sekali. Pada suatu hari si kucing kecil meminta permisi untuk pulang ke tempat asalnya sebentar saja, dan ia pun gaib dari pandangan. Beberapa saat kemudian ia kembali lagi, tetapi dalam wujud seorang gadis yang cantik sekali. Ia pun menerangkan kepada kedua orang tua itu, bahwa ia telah hidup bersama mereka untuk waktu lama, dan telah menerima kasih sayang mereka. Kini ia kembali dalam bentuk seorang gadis cantik untuk membantu mereka. Ia pun mengorbankan dirinyadengan menjadi seorang geisha, agar dapat menghasilkan uang bagi kedua orang tua itu. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Namanya Okesa. Ia sangat populer, dan banyak orang yang ingin melihatnya. Akan tetapi pada suatu hari, seorang pemilik kapal telah melihatnya dalam bentuk aslinya sedang menjilati minyak lampu dimana mengambang sumbunya. Ia sadar bahwa ia telah diintip orang. Lalu ia berkata : “saya sangat khawatir karena engkau telah melihat identitas asli saya, dan saya memohon agar engkau tidak membuka rahasia ini”. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keesokan harinya pemilik kapal membawa kapalnya menuju Hokkaido, lalu di hadapan para penumpang <span> </span>yang banyak jumlahnya, ia membuka rahasia yang seharusnya ia simpan dengan baik. Segera awan gelap menutupi langit,dan langit pun berubah menjadi gelap. Seekor kucing besar terlihat melompat dari langit dan membawa pergi si pemilik kapal yang usil mulut itu. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Struktur Cerita “Okesa Si Penari”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alur Cerita :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sepasang orang tua memelihara kucing mungil dengan penuh kasih sayang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sepasang orang tua tersebut jatuh miskin dan menjadi sengsara.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Si kucing mungil gaib dari pandangan (menghilang) dan berubah menjadi seorang gadis cantik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Si gadis berkorban untuk membantu sepasang orang tua tersebut dengan menjadi seorang geisha.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Si gadis menjadi populer dan menghasilkan banyak uang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu saat ada seorang pemilik kapal yang melihat sosok asli dari si gadis tersebut ketika menjilati minyak lampu dimana mengambang sumbunya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Si gadis memahon kepada pemilik kapal untuk tidak membuka rahasianya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keesokan harinya, si pemilik kapal bertemu dengan penumpang yang banyak dan ia membuka rahasia yang seharusnya ia simpan dengan baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Si pemilik kapal mendapat balasan karena membuka rahasia yang seharusnya ia simpan dan ia pun di bawa pergi oleh si kucing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terem :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a<span> </span>: sepasang orang tua<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a1<span> </span>: kucing mungil/ seorang gadis cantik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b<span> </span>: si pemilik kapal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b1<span> </span>: para penumpang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">x<span> </span>: keburukan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">x1<span> </span>: jatuh miskin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">x2<span> </span>: sengsara<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">x3<span> </span>: mengintip<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">x4<span> </span>: membuka rahasia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">y<span> </span>: kebaikan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">y1<span> </span>: kasih sayang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">y2<span> </span>: berkorban<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">y3<span> </span>: membantu <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">y4<span> </span>: populer dan menghasilkan uang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">y5<span> </span>: permohonan untuk tidak membuka rahasia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">z<span> </span>: keadilan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">z1<span> </span>: balasan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">z2<span> </span>: si pemilik kapal hilang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kode N = okesa si penari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alur cerita dapat digambarkan : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">N = {(a+a<sub>1</sub>)<sub>y1</sub>} : (a)<sub>x1</sub> :: (a)<sub>x2</sub> : : (a<sub>1</sub>)<sup>a-1</sup> : (a<sub>1</sub>) <span> </span><sub>z1.y3</sub> :: (a<sub>1</sub>)<sub>y2</sub> : (a<sub>1</sub>)<sub>y4</sub> :: (b)<sub>x3</sub> : (a<sub>1</sub>)<sub>y5</sub> :: { (b)<sub>x4</sub> + (b<sub>1</sub>)} : (a<sub>1</sub>)<sub>z1</sub> :: (b)<sub>z2 </sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Sepasang orang tua memelihara seekor kucing mungil dengan penuh kasih sayang. Suatu hari sepasang orang tua itu jatuh miskin dan menjadi sengsara. Si kucing mungil tiba-tiba menghilang dan berubah menjadi seorang gadis cantik. Si gadis cantik membalas kasih sayang sepasang orang tua itu dengan membantu dan berkorban menjadi geisha. Si gadis menjadi populer dan menghasilkan banyak uang. Suatu hari, ada seorang pemilik kapal yang mengintipnya ketika ia menjilati minyak lampu yang mengambang sumbunya. Si gadis memohon kepada pemilik kapal untuk tidak membuka rahasianya. Keesokan harinya, si pemilik kapal bertemu dengan penumpang yang banyak dan ia membuka rahasia yang seharusnya ia simpan dengan baik. Si pemilik kapal mendapat balasan karena membuka rahasia yang seharusnya ia simpan dan ia pun di bawa pergi oleh si kucing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalau dilihat dari segi tokohnya maka alur cerita itu akan tampak sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">N = {(a+a<sub>1</sub>)} :: (a<sub>1</sub>)<sup>a-1</sup> :: {(b)+(b<sub>1</sub>)} : (a<sub>1</sub>) :: (b)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Sepasang orang tua memelihara kucing. Kemudian kucing berubah menjadi seorang gadis cantik dan membalas kasih sayang dengan menjadi geisha. Si gadis ketika dalam wujud aslinya bertemu dengan seorang pemilik kapal. Si gadis memohon agar si pemilik kapal merahasiakan siapa jati diri si gadis sebenarnya. Pemilik kapal bertemu dengan penumpang yang banyak dan membuka rahasia yang seharusnya ia simpan.<span> </span>Karena membuka rahasia yang seharusnya ia simpan, pemilik kapal mendapatkan balasan yaitu dibawa pergi oleh si kucing dan ia pun menghilang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika dilihat dari segi fungsinya :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">N = (y<sub>1</sub>) : (x<sub>1</sub>) :: (x<sub>3</sub>) : {(z<sub>1</sub>y<sub>3</sub>)} : (y<sub>2</sub>) :: (y<sub>4</sub>) : (x<sub>3</sub>) :: (y<sub>5</sub>) : (x<sub>4</sub>) :: (z<sub>1.2</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi kebaikan dan keadilan lebih besar dari pada fungsi keburukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(a+a<sub>1</sub>)y<sub>1</sub> + (a<sub>1</sub>)z<sub>1</sub>.y<sub>3</sub> + (a<sub>1</sub>)y <sub>2.3.4.5</sub> + (a<sub>1</sub>)z<sub>1</sub> + (b)z<sub>2</sub> > (a)x <sub>1.2</sub>+ (b)x <sub>3.4</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di sini fungsi kebaikan dan keadilan terhadap hakikat hidup manusia tampak sangat menonjol. Sesuai dengan kodrat hidup bahwa segala sesuatu yang diperoleh seseorang sebenarnya merupakan hasil perbuatannya sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal ini tampak jelas pada<span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kasih sayang sepasang orang tua terhadap kucing mungil peliharaannya dan hasilnya adalah si kucing membalas budi mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena mendapatkan kasih sayang dari sepasang orang tua itu maka si kucing membantu sepasang orang tua itu untuk mendapatkan uang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan tindakan si pemilik kapal yang membuka rahasia si kucing mendapatkan balasan dan mengakibatkan ia dibawa pergi oleh si Kucing ke dunia lain dan menghilang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksud cerita yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui bahwa suatu kebaikan yang dilakukan akan mendapat balasan yang setimpal. Penutur juga mengharapkan agar kita dapat memetik suri tauladan dari isi cerita ini bahwa dilarang membuka rahasia yang luar biasa dan seseorang akan dibawa ke dunia lain, karena melanggar larangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelaku :<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sepasang orang tua, penuh kasih sayang.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Si kucing mungil/ gadis cantik, rela berkorban demi membalas budi baik.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Si pemilik kapal, tidak dapat menjaga rahasia.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-73840502530476741312012-04-15T20:10:00.000-07:002012-04-15T20:10:57.368-07:00Bahasa Laki-Laki dan Perempuan dalam Bahasa Jepang<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgofFI4sEUmMfDTYAIvWE_z2ZyJydpcDZX7M_JpYFiO1MK26UhL2I-lf9ESGOLIW1nwyYM6HZy4wA4joqSKkrrc5-FpEGOWmlwNuq9IWEJVUVM6spcK9yVwIwKuV08O9CBcYWkxutXqPAyH/s1600/emiko.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgofFI4sEUmMfDTYAIvWE_z2ZyJydpcDZX7M_JpYFiO1MK26UhL2I-lf9ESGOLIW1nwyYM6HZy4wA4joqSKkrrc5-FpEGOWmlwNuq9IWEJVUVM6spcK9yVwIwKuV08O9CBcYWkxutXqPAyH/s1600/emiko.png" /></a></div><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Bahasa<span> </span>Laki-Laki dan Perempuan dalam Bahasa Jepang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Emiko Watanabe (117835601)</span><span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">a.<span> </span>Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Dalam bahasa Jepang terdapat dua buah dialek sosial yang berbeda berdasarkan diferensiasi jender penuturnya yaitu ragam bahasa perempuan (joseigo, onna kotoba) dan ragam bahasa laki-laki (danseigo, otoko kotoba). Meskipun kedua ragam bahasa ini sedikit demi sedikit hilang karena oleh perubahan zaman, tetapi ada bagian yang masih tetap bertahan dan dipakai oleh masyarakat penutur bahasa Jepang hingga sekarang. Kalau zaman dulu laki-laki Jepang pasti menggunakan bahasa laki-laki, tetapi pada zaman sekarang ada banyak anak perempuan SMP dan SMA yang menggunakan bahasa laki-laki. Demikian juga pada zaman dulu perempuan menggunakan bahasa perempuan, tetapi kalau zaman sekarang perempuan yang menggunakan bahasa perempuan adalah perempuan yang bersifat sopan dan lembut, dan kadang-kadang ada laki-laki yang menggunakan bahasa perempan juga.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Memang pada suasana tuturan formal seperti pada acara rapat, seminar, simposium, dan kegiatan formal lainnya sama sekali tidak bisa terdengar kedua ragam bahasa ini. Tetapi pada percakapan sehari-hari yang tidak resmi kadang-kadang bisa terdengar pemakaian bahasa ini dari orang-orang Jepang pada kalangan tertentu. Demikian juga pada saat perkenalan atau pertemuan pertama dengan orang Jepang, percakapan dilakukan dengan menggunakan ragam standar. Tetapi semakin lama<span> </span>bergaul dengan orang Jepang, terutama apabila hubungan dengan orang Jepang sudah sangat akrab, sedikit demi sedikit akan terjadi perubahan variasi bahasa yang dipakai termasuk ke dalam ragam bahasa wanita dan ragam bahasa laki-laki. Tidak sedikit kedua ragam bahasa tersebut dipakai dalam novel karena kalau menggunakan bahasa laki-laki dan perempuan sangat mudah dipahami tokoh dalam novel ini laki-laki atau perumpuan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Dalam makalah ini, akan dibahas tentang sejarah, jenis, peran bahasa laki-laki dan perempuan, dan perubahan bahasa perempuan dan laki-laki oleh perubahan zaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">b.<span> </span>Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Jender merupakan perbedaan jenis kelamin laki-perempuan yang dibentuk secara sosial dan kultural (Tadao, 1995 : 911). Dari zaman dulu di Jepang laki-laki sering dikatakan cepat mengambil keputusan, rasional, egois, atau agresif. Sementara perempuan sering dikatakan lemah, lembut, sopan santun, pasif, dan penuh perhatian.<span> </span>Laki-laki dan perempuan masing-masing dilambangkan dengan kanji yang berbeda. Laki-laki dilambangkan dengan huruf yang mengandung unsur kanji yang berarti ‘sawah’ dan ‘tenaga’ yang menggambarkan perannya sebagai orang yang bekerja sekuat tenaga memproduksi padi di sawah untuk menyokong kehidupan bangsa guna membangun negara. Pekerjaan mulia ini dianggap milik laki-laki walaupun pada kenyataannya banyak juga perempuan yang turut bekerja di sawah. Berbeda dengan laki-laki, perempuan ditulis dengan huruf yang melambangkan orang yang sedang menari. Hal ini memberi gambaran sosok wanita yang berperan sebagai penghibur orang (laki-laki). Seolah-olah mereka dijadikan objek kesenangan atau kepuasaan orang yang melihatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Dalam pembentukan kata pun perempuan terlihat tidak mendapat prioritas utama. Kata danjo (Laki-Perumpuan) tidak dapat diubah menjadi jodan dengan harapan mendahulukan unsur perempuannya. Sama dengan danjo, kata-kata fubo (ayah-ibu), fuufu (suami-istri) tidak bisa dibalikkan menjadi bofu, fufuu. Kata fukei yang berarti orang tua/wali murid berasal dari kata chichi (ayah) dan ani (kakak laki-laki). Begitu juga kata kyoodai yang berarti keluarga/saudara berasal dari kata ani (kakak laki-laki) dan otooto (adik laki-laki). Walaupun fukei berarti ‘orang tua/wali murid’ dan kyoodai berarti ‘keluarga/saudara’ namun di dalamnya tidak terkandung unsur ‘perempuan’ baik ibu, kakak perempuan, maupun adik perempuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Seperti ditulis di atas, dari zaman dulu di Jepang sangat jelas dibedakan posisi, peran laki-laki dan perempuan, maka dibentuk bahasa laki-laki dan perempuan. Namun, kedua ragam bahasa ini berubah terus dengan arus zaman. Asal bahasa laki-laki yang sering dipakai sekarang adalah bahasa Samurai Zaman Edo (Edo-Jidai). Samurai (</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho";">侍</span><span lang="IN"> atau </span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho";">士</span><span lang="IN">) adalah istilah untuk perwira militer kelas elit sebelum zaman industrialisasi di Jepang. Kata "samurai" berasal dari kata kerja "samorau" asal bahasa Jepang kuno, berubah menjadi "saburau" yang berarti "melayani", dan akhirnya menjadi "samurai" yang bekerja sebagai pelayan bagi sang majikan. Ciri khas bahasa laki-laki adalah variasi kata ganti pertama. Misalnya, “Ore”, “Boku”, “Washi”, “Oira” dan lain-lain. Kara ganti pertama dalam bahasa perempuan adalah “Watashi” dan “Watakushi”. Dilihat dari aspek pemakaian akhir kalimat terdapat beberapa perbedaan antara yang dipakai laki-laki dan yang dipakai perempuan. Di dalam ragam bahasa laki-laki dipakai seperti zo, ze, kai, dazo, daze, sedangkan di dalam ragam bahasa perempuan dipakai kashira, wa, wayo, wane, no, noyo, none, dan kotoyo. Zo, ze, kai, dazo, daze, dan sebagainya dalam ragam bahasa laki-laki merefleksikan maskulinitas penuturnya sebagai insan yang sangat tegas, berani, kuat, penuh percaya diri, penuh kepastian, atau cepat dalam mengambil keputusan. Berbeda dengan partikel-partikel itu, partikel-partikel kashira, wa, wayo, wane, no, noyo, none, koto, dan kotoyo yang dipakai dalam ragam bahasa perumpuan menjadikan bahasa yang diucapkan lemah lembut dan tidak menunjukkan ketegasan atau kekuatan. Partikel-partikel itu dipakai untuk menghaluskan atau melemahkan pendapat, kesimpulan, keputusan, pikiran, atau pertanyaan penuturnya sehingga mereka terkesan ramah tamah dan sopan santun. Dalam penggunaan kata benda juga perbedaan bahasa laki-laki dan perempuan sangat jelas. Dalam bahasa Perempuan di depan kata benda menggunakan “O”. Misalnya, “Sushi” menjadi “Osushi”, “Cha(teh)” menjadi “Ocha”, “Hana(bunga)” menjadi “Ohana” dan lain-lain. Dalam bahasa sopan juga, terlihat perbedaan bahasa laki-laki dan perumpuan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Seperti ada di atas, dari zaman dulu bahasa Jepang dibagi bahasa laki-laki dan perempuan dengan jelas. Akan tetapi, sedikit demi sedikit fenomina tersebut berubah dengan arus zaman. Dulu peran perempuan Jepang adalah menjaga rumah sebagai ibu rumah tangga. Namun, zaman sekarang perempuan pun bisa bekerja seperti laki-laki. Peran perempuan dan laki-laki tidak seperti dulu, maka bahasa antara laki-laki dan perempuan juga berubah. Banyak perempuan Jepang yang muda tidak mau menggunakan bahasa perempuan. Bahasa laki-laki menjadi bahasa Jepang yang sering dipakai oleh orang Jepang, baik laki-laki maupun perempuan zaman sekarang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">c.<span> </span>Simpulan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Bahasa mengrefleksikan lingkungan masyarakat. Begitu juga bahasa Jepang, yang mengandung nilai-nilai seksis, dapat merefleksikan nilai-nilai, sikap, atau pandangan masyarakat Jepang terhadap laki-laki dan perempuan. Akan tetapi, dengan arus zaman bahasa perempuan jaran dipakai oleh perempuan Jepang karena peran perempuan juga berubah. Perempuan bukan hanya bekerja di rumah lagi. Perubahan itu ada sisi positif dan sisi negatif. Sisi positif adalah perempuan bisa mendapatkan kebebasan seperti laki-laki. Sedangkan sisi negatif adalah menghilang kebudayaan tradisional. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Nihongo Daijiten, Tadao, Umesao Kodansha, 1995, Tokyo.</span><span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Jyosei-go, http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E8%AA%9</span><span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Samurai, http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%8D</span><span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Nihongo no kokoro, Yumiko Yamada, Hikari 1985, Tokyo<o:p></o:p></span></div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-73751053928732744132012-04-15T19:31:00.000-07:002012-04-15T19:31:41.880-07:00Gaya Berkomunikasi, Bahasa Batita & Anak<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gaya Berkomunikasi Batita Ida dan Anak Rifqi <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam kehidupannya, manusia tidak akan pernah lepas dari menggunakan bahasa untuk berkomunikasi guna memenuhi segala keperluan hidupnya. Begitu juga dengan batita dan anak. Awal penggunaan bahasa pada manusia sebenarnya dimulai sejak tangis pertama bayi sebab tangis bayi juga dapat dianggap sebagai bahasa bayi atau anak. Dengan menangis, bagi anak merupakan sarana mengekspresikan kehendak jiwanya. Karena pada dasarnya, fungsi bahasa antara lain meliputi aspek ekspresi, sosial, dan intensional atau sarana untuk menunjukkan atau membanggakan sesuatu (Ahmadi, 2005: 95).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penguasaan bahasa berikutnya pada batita dan anak akan mengikuti bakat, ritme perkembangan yang dialami, dan lingkungannya (meliputi: lingkungan keluarga, lingkungan sekolah, dan lingkungan sekitar tempat tinggal). Setiap batita dan anak akan selalu mengalami beberapa tahapan perkembangan bahasa sampai mencapai penguasaan bahasa yang sempurna sesuai dengan bahasa yang digunakan oleh lingkungan sekitarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pemakaian bahasa setiap orang berbeda-beda dan itu berlaku juga untuk batita dan anak. Antara batita dan anak yang satu dengan yang lain pasti berbeda dalam menggunakan bahasa yang dikuasainya. Perbedaan tersebut<span> </span>dapat kita lihat dari segi lagu atau intonasinya, diksi, susunan kalimatnya, cara mengemukakan idenya, dan sebagainya. Dengan kata lain, setiap individu pasti berbeda dari segi fonetik fonemiknya (Haryono, 2006: 14). Keadaan tersebut biasanya disebut ideolek.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ideolek merupakan variasi bahasa yang bersifat perseorangan (2010:62). Ideolek<span> </span>tampak pada saat berkomunikasi dengan orang lain. Perbedaan ideolek menurut Turner disebut stilistika (Pradopo, 2004 dalam Haryono, 2006:31). Stilistika adalah bagian linguistik yang memusatkan diri pada variasi dalam penggunaan bahasa (Haryono, 2006:31). <span> </span>Style diartikan sebagai teknik serta bentuk gaya bahasa seseorang dalam memaparkan gagasan sesuai dengan ide dan norma yang digunakan sebagaimana ciri pribadi pemakainya (Aminuddin, 1995:119). Dalam makalah ini, akan dibahas penggunaan gaya berkomunikasi batita dan anak. Subjek yang digunakan adalah batita Ida yang berusia 3 tahun dan anak Rifqi yang berusia 6 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Perkembangan Bahasa Batita dan Anak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak prasekolah adalah anak yang berada pada usia 2;0 - 6;0 tahun (Tarigan, 1995: 27). Masa ini juga disebut juga masa kanak-kanak awal terbentang antara usia 2 sampai 6 tahun (Gunarsa, 2002:27). Dengan demikian, dapat dikatakan bahwa anak prasekolah merupakan anak usia batita s.d usia anak-anak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik bahasa anak usia prasekolah secara umum meliputi kemampuan berbahasa lisan pada anak berkembang sejalan dengan pematangan organ-organ bicara,<span> </span>fungsi berpikir, <span> </span>dan lingkungan ikut mengembangkan (Tarigan, 1995: 27). Kemudian dijelaskan oleh William Stern (Ahmadi, 2005: 96) tahap perkembangan bahasa anak, meliputi;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">prastadium (umur 0;6 - 1,0 tahun) merupakan tahap meraban yaitu keluar suara yang belum berarti, tunggal, dan terutama huruf-huruf bibir,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">masa pertama (umur 1;0 – 1; 6 tahun) merupakan tahap penguasaan kata yang belum lengkap,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">masa kedua (umur 1;6 – 2;0 tahun) merupakan tahap mulai menyadari segala sesuatu mempunyai nama dan sering menanyakan nama benda, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">flexio/menafsirkan (umur 2;0 -2;6 tahun) merupakan tahap mulai menggunakan kata-kata yang dapat ditafsirkan atau kata yang sudah diubah, mampu menyusun kalimat pendek, dan dapat membandingkan,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">masa keempat (umur 2;6 – ke atas) merupakan tahap dapat merangkaikan pokok kalimat dan mulai bertanya sebab akibat. Sedangkan menurut Pateda (1990:65) usia <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">anak prasekolah dan perkembangan bahasanya diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">prasekolah usia 2;0 - 3;0 tahun (masa penamaan). Pada masa ini karakteristik perkembangan bahasa anak, antara lain; (a) pertumbuhan bahasa terjadi dengan cepat, (b) anak belajar mengenali dan menamai atau menyebut/memberi nama tindakan-tindakan dalam gambar, (c) anak belajar mengenali bagian-bagian tubuh yang besar dan kecil, (d) anak baru mampu menirukan urutan bunyi kata tertentu tetapi ia belum mampu memaknainya. Pengucapan kata mama, papa, makan, minum oleh anak karena proses peniruan bunyi yang pernah didengarnya. Melalui proses ini, anak melakukan penamaan atau mengenal benda, peristiwa, kejadian dengan melakukan pengujaran bunyi kata tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">prasekolah usia 3;0 - 4;0 tahun. Masa kedua ini disebut oleh Pateda (1990: 67) sebagai tahap perkembangan kombinatori yaitu anak sudah menggunakan bahasa dalam berbagai bentuk dan mampu menggabungkan preposisi menjadi kalimat<span> </span>tunggal. Pada masa ini terdapat 4 ciri pokok bahasa dan perkembangan bahasa anak-anak, yaitu; (a) kosakata atau perbendaharaan anak berkembang meningkat sampai kira-kira 1500 kata,<span> </span>(b) mampu mengembangkan kemampuan menggunakan kata penunjuk waktu, (c) bahasa digunakan sebagai alat untuk memahami dunia mereka, (d) ujaran atau tuturan semakin rumit, kompleks dengan menggunakan kata keadaan, kata ganti, dan kata depan yang kian banyak, (e) anak mulai mampu berbicara secara teratur dan terstruktur, (f) bicara anak dapat dipahami oleh orang lain dan anak sanggup merespon baik positif atau negatif atas pembicaraan lawan bicaranya, (g) bahasa yang digunakannya menunjukkan aturan atau tata bahasa sendiri, dan (h) kalimat yang diujarkan sudah mengarah pada kalimat pendek dan sederhana.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prasekolah usia 4;0 - 5;0 tahun. Pada tahap ini, anak mempunyai ciri-ciri sebagai berikut; (a) bahasa semakin abstrak, menghasilkan kalimat yang baik dan benar secara gramatikal, serta kosakata yang dikuasai sekitar 2500 kata, (b) sudah memahami dan menggunakan preposisi seperti di atas, di bawah, di luar, di muka, di belakang, ke atas, dari atas, (c) sering mengajukan berbagai pertanyaan terutama sekali yang berkaitan dengan mengapa, kenapa, bagaimana.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prasekolah usia 5;0 - 6;0 tahun (taman kanak-kanak). Ciri-ciri yang tampak pada tahap ini, antara lain; (a) semakin sering menggunakan kalimat kompleks, mulai memakai pronomina dan verba secara tepat,<span> </span>dan berkosakata sekitar 6000 kata , (b) sering ambil bagian dalam kegiatan sehari-hari dan memproduksi tuturan mengenai fungsi kehidupan sehari-hari dalam lingkungan keluarga, penggunaan di warung, teman sepermainan, dll, (c) ingin sekali mengetahui dan melihat bentuk penampilan tertulis mengenai bahasa mereka sendiri dan suka mengubah bahasa lisan menjadi bahasa tulis. Dinyatakan juga oleh Gunarsa (2002:12) ciri khas bahasa anak prasekolah pada tahap ini meliputi: (1) pemahaman anak pada pembicaraan orang lain, (2) menyusun dan menambah perbendaharaan kata, (3) menggabungkan kata menjadi kalimat, (4) mengucapkan dengan baik dan benar.<span> </span>Pada tahap ini, anak usia 4;0 - 6;0 sudah mempunyai keinginan untuk bersekolah (Suhartono, 2005:53).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan demikian, nyatalah bahwa batita dan anak mempunyai tahapan-tahapan dalam kemampuan perkembangan dan penguasaan bahasa yang telah dikemukakan oleh beberapa ahli meskipun setiap ahli tersebut berbeda dalam pengklasifikasiannya. Setiap tahapanan perkembangan dan penguasaan bahasa oleh batita dan anak mempunyai ciri-ciri khusus. Setiap batita dan anak akan mengalami tahapan yang berbeda satu dengan lainnya berdasarkan pengaruh dari pematangan organ-organ bicara,<span> </span>fungsi berpikir,<span> </span>dan lingkungan di sekitarnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gaya Berkomunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stilistika adalah ilmu tentang gaya bahasa (Teguh, 2009: 16). Dalam stilistika, <span> </span>terdapat pelbagai pilihan kata-kata (diksi) yang digunakan oleh penulis atau penutur <span> </span>untuk menyampaikan gagasannya. Penulis atau penutur menggunakan diksi tertentu karena dianggap oleh penulis atau penutur dengan menggunakan pilihan kata-kata (diksi) tersebut lebih tepat digunakan atau diaplikasikan daripada diksi yang lain sehingga tujuan berkomunikasi (merayu, mengajak, membujuk, memohon, dll.) dapat tercapai.<a href="file:///E:/s2%20pps%20unesa/sosiolingguistik(prof%20minto)/sosiolinguistik%20nia/makalah%20ragam%20bahasa%20batita-anak.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi variasi gaya atau stilistik, antara lain;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bentuk gaya yang relatif permanen, meliputi; individualitas, dialek atau idiolek, dan waktu,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penyampaian gagasan, meliputi; sarana dan partisipasi,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bentuk gaya yang relatif temporer, meliputi; wilayah kerja, status, modalitas, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">( Leech, 2003: 26).<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komunikasi adalah proses pengiriman dan penerimaan informasi atau pesan antara dua orang atau lebih dengan cara yang efektif<span> </span>sehingga pesan yang dimaksud dapat dimengerti (Kadir, 2010: 14). Dalam penyampaian atau penerimaan informasi, ada dua pihak<span> </span>yang terlibat yaitu penutur dan petutur. Penutur dalam komunikasi disebut komunikator yaitu orang atau kelompok orang yang menyampaikan informasi atau pesan, sedangkan petutur disebut komunikan yaitu orang atau kelompok orang yang menerima pesan<span> </span>(</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.shvoong.com/internet-and-technologies/blog/2035974-pengertian-komunikasi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.shvoong.com/internet-and-technologies/blog/2035974-pengertian-komunikasi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan demikian, gaya berkomunikasi<span> </span>merupakan penggunaan diksi tertentu oleh seorang penutur atau komunikator pada saat menyampaikan tuturannya (berupa pesan atau informasi) kepada petutur atau komunikan. Dalam makalah ini, yang dimaksudkan sebagai penutur adalah subjek penelitian yaitu batita Rifdah dan anak Rifqi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik Batita Rifdah dan Anak Rifqi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik Batita Rifdah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batita Rifdah Azzara Salwa yang biasa dipanggil Ida merupakan anak tunggal dari kedua orang tuanya yang bersuku Jawa. Ida dilahirkan di Surabaya, 20 Februari 2009 dengan bahasa ibu (B1) bahasa Jawa dialek Surabaya dan bahasa Indonesia. Ida mempunyai saudara sepupu bernama Rifqi dan Roja. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.65pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik Anak Rifqi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak Rifqi yang bernama lengkap Rifqi Safa Nabil dilahirkan di Sangatta, 14 Februari 2006. Rifqi merupakan anak ke-2 dan memiliki satu orang saudara kandung yang biasa dia panggil dengan sebutan Kakak. Dia merupakan anak yang menggunakan bahasa ibu (B1) bahasa Indonesia dengan bapaknya bersuku Banjar dan ibunya bersuku Jawa. Semua anggota keluarga selalu memanggil Rifqi dengan sebutan Adik dan jarang sekali menyebut namanya. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gaya Berkomunikasi Batita Ida dan Anak Rifqi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gaya Berkomunikasi Batita Ida <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sampai dengan usianya yang ke-3 tahun, Ida masih belum dapat mengucapkan suatu kalimat utuh meskipun sederhana. Ia hanya dapat mengucapkan satu kata dan itupun tidak jelas pelafalannya. Misalnya; budhe dilafalkan /edhe/, kakak dilafalkan /akak/, pakdhe dilafalkan /adhe/.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika berkomunikasi dengan orang lain, Ida lebih menggunakan gerakan tangan dengan menunjuk barang atau sesuatu yang dia inginkan sambil menggerak-gerakkan badannya apabila lawan bicaranya tidak mengerti yang dia maksudkan. Jika lawan bicaranya masih juga tidak mengerti, Ida akan mengeluarkan kata-kata yang tidak jelas dari mulutnya, dan jika lawan bicaranya masih juga tidak mengerti, ia akan menangis dan teriak-teriak karena jengkel. Ida sering menganggukkan kepala jika yang ia maksudkan sesuai dengan keinginannya dan menggelengkan kepala jika lawan bicaranya tidak mengerti yang dia maksudkan. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ida dapat <span> </span>mengerti sepenuhnya apa yang dibicarakan dan dikehendaki lawan bicaranya.Contohnya; ketika lawan bicaranya mengatakan ambilkan sapu dengan segera ia mengambil sapu, ketika lawan bicaranya mengatakan antarkan kecap ini ke budhe Ina pasti dia antarkan kecap tersebut ke budhe Ina bukan ke budhe Nia karena dia mempunyai dua budhe yang tinggal dekat dengannya. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gaya Berkomunikasi Anak Rifqi <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada saat berkomunikasi dengan anggota keluarga lain, Rifqi selalu menyebut dirinya Adik dan tidak pernah menyebut namanya kecuali jika ditanya siapa namanya oleh orang lain dan itupun jarang ia mau menjawabnya. Pada saat berkomunikasi dengan saudara kandungnya, ia selalu menyebut Kakak dalam kondisi apapun (senang, sedih,<span> </span>marah, berkelahi, dll.). Akibatnya, teman-teman sepermainannya mengira bahwa namanya adalah Adik dan saudara kandungnya adalah Kakak.<span> </span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika menanyakan sesuatu, ia sering menggunakan kalimat interogatif yang meminta pengakuan jawaban<span> </span>“ya”. Contohnya: Adik tidak merusakkan bukunya, <u>ya kan Kak?</u>, <u>ya kan Buk?</u>, <u>ya kan Da?</u> (sesuai dengan lawan bicaranya). <span> </span>Bagian yang bergaris selalu ia katakan setiap ingin menegaskan sesuatu. Kalimat interogatif adalah kalimat yang mengharapkan adanya jawaban secara verbal<span> </span>berupa pengakuan, keterangan, alasan atau pendapat dari pihak pendengar atau pembaca (Chaer, 2009:189). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesuai dengan usianya, Rifqi sering mengajukan berbagai pertanyaan terutama sekali yang berkaitan dengan mengapa, kenapa, bagaimana. Contohnya; Kenapa kok bisa gempa di Aceh?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam menggunakan suatu kalimat pertanyaan, Rifqi selalu menggunakan partikel –kah diakhir kalimat. Contohnya; Bolehkah Adik beli es itu?. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penutup <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan uraian di atas, dapat disimpulkan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pemakaian bahasa setiap orang berbeda-beda dan itu berlaku juga untuk batita<span> </span>Rifdah dan anak Rifqi.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ideolek merupakan variasi bahasa yang bersifat perseorangan dan disebut stilistika yang tampak pada saat berkomunikasi dengan orang lain.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik bahasa anak usia prasekolah secara umum meliputi kemampuan berbahasa lisan pada anak berkembang sejalan dengan pematangan organ-organ bicara,<span> </span>fungsi berpikir,<span> </span>dan lingkungan ikut mengembangkan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batita dan anak akan melampaui beberapa tahap perkembangan bahasa.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">*****<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahmadi, Abu.2005.<i>Psikologi Perkembangan</i>. Jakarta:<span> </span>PT. Rineka Cipta<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chaer, Abdul.2009.<i>Sintaksis Bahasa Indonesia(Pendekatan Proses).</i> Jakarta: Rineka Cipta<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">___________.2010.<i>Sosiolinguistik:Perkenalan Awal.</i> Jakarta:<span> </span>PT. Rineka Cipta<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunarsa, Singgih D.2002.<i>Psikologi Perkembangan Anak dan Remaja.</i>Jakarta: PT BPK Gunung Mulia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Haryono, Akhmad.2006.<i>Pola Komunikasi Antarkomunitas Pesantren Salaf “A” di Jember.</i>Surabaya: UNESA (Tesis)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.shvoong.com/internet-and-technologies/blog/2035974-pengertian-komunikasi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.shvoong.com/internet-and-technologies/blog/2035974-pengertian-komunikasi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadir, Abdul.2010.<i>Tuturan Taklangsung dalam Komunikasi Anak Usia Prasekolah di Play Group Melati Kids Purwosari Kabupaten Pasuruan.</i>Surabaya: UNESA (Tesis)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leech, Geoffrey.1993.<i>Prinsip-Prinsip Pragmatik</i>.Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">_______________.2003.<i>Semantik.</i>Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pateda, Mansoer.1990.<i>Aspek-Aspek Psikolinguistik</i>.Ende-Flores: Nusa Indah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhartono.2005.<i>Pengembangan Keterampilan Bicara Anak Usia Dini.</i>Jakarta: Depdiknas Dirjendikti<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Supriyanto, Teguh.2009.<i>Stilistika dalam Prosa.</i>Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tarigan, Hendry Guntur.1995. <i>Bahasa Anak Prasekolah.</i>Jakarta: Rieneka Cipta<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <!--[endif]--> <div id="ftn1"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///E:/s2%20pps%20unesa/sosiolingguistik(prof%20minto)/sosiolinguistik%20nia/makalah%20ragam%20bahasa%20batita-anak.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Leech (2003) <i>Semantik.</i>Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoFootnoteText"><br />
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</div></div></div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-8334141977241691972012-04-15T19:27:00.000-07:002012-04-15T19:27:10.890-07:00Pragmatik sebagai Pemecah Masalah<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCQPdKnTRsX6hifhCYpQkgI6SsZX49tHTK3aMvqkjFUxyqn8lNCQWZ3sJlTXFlIQHcTGjz-or6QbX67MmXQwyZ9G3BU1H1eg-IHYKp6JI6tzANCr1TfjDP0SGsAxH4Q_cJeTrHsFXtW46H/s1600/foto+tmn2+pasca.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCQPdKnTRsX6hifhCYpQkgI6SsZX49tHTK3aMvqkjFUxyqn8lNCQWZ3sJlTXFlIQHcTGjz-or6QbX67MmXQwyZ9G3BU1H1eg-IHYKp6JI6tzANCr1TfjDP0SGsAxH4Q_cJeTrHsFXtW46H/s1600/foto+tmn2+pasca.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br />
</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pragmatik sebagai Pemecah Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN"><span>A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN">Pragmatik mencakup kegiatan pemecahan masalah antara penutur atau penulis (selanjutnya disebut <i><span> </span>n</i>) dengan petutur atau pembaca (selanjutnya disebut<i> t</i>). Pada saat berkomunikasi, bagi<i> n</i> masalahnya ialah perencanaan, misalnya; apakah yang harus saya ucapkan agar <i>t </i>mengerti, mau menerima bahkan kemudian mau melaksanakan apa yang saya ucapkan ? Sedangkan bagi<i> t</i> masalahnya ialah interpretasi, misalnya; apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan tuturan (selanjutnya disebut <i>T</i>)<i> n</i> ?, apakah alasan <i>n </i>yang masuk akal dengan mengucapkan<i> T</i><span> </span>tersebut?, Apakah yang harus<i> t</i> lakukan setelah<i> n</i> mengucapkan <i>T</i> ?, dll. Pembahasan masalah tersebut dikemukakan dalam <i>postulat </i>pragmatik ke-5 dan <span> </span>akan diuraikan dalam makalah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN"><span>B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><i><span lang="IN">Postulat</span></i><span lang="IN"> pragmatik ke-5 menyatakan persesuaian-persesuaian gramatik dibatasi dengan pemetaan; <span> </span>sedangkan persesuaian-persesuaian <span> </span>pragmatik dibatasi dengan aneka masalah beserta pemecahannya (Tarigan, 1994: 24). Jika ditinjau dari persesuaian-persesuaian gramatik, <i>T</i> yang dikemukakan oleh<i> n</i> dapat dipetakan berdasarkan makna bunyi sesuai dengan kaidah tata bahasa yang berlaku dalam bahasa yang digunakan oleh <i>n</i>. Jika ditinjau dari persesuaian-persesuaian pragmatik, <i>T </i>yang dikemukakan oleh <i>n</i> tersebut memerlukan prosedur pemecahan masalah yang membutuhkan<span> </span>intelegensi manusia untuk menafsirkannya sesuai dengan situasi dan konteksnya<sup> <a href="file:///E:/s2%20pps%20unesa/pragmatik/Nia%20pragmatik/makalah%20pragmatik.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Gambaran postulat di atas dapat dilihat berdasarkan ilustrasi berikut ini:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Tempat<span> </span>: di dalam kelas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Situasi<span> </span>: seorang ibu guru sedang sibuk menerangkan materi pelajaran <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Ibu Guru<span> </span>: “Papan tulisnya sudah penuh dengan tulisan Saya, ya?”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Murid 1<span> </span>: “He...yang piket lho”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Murid 2<span> </span>: “Bukan saya kok yang piket hari ini!”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Murid 3<span> </span>:”Dasar pemalas semua! Aku saja yang tidak piket hari ini mau menghapus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>papan tulis”(sambil berdiri, menuju papan tulis, dan menghapus tulisan yang <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>ada di papan tulis).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN">Jika dilihat dari persesuaian-persesuaian gramatik, tuturan ibu guru (selanjutnya disebut <i>T</i>1) dapat dipetakan berdasarkan makna bunyi yaitu ibu guru (selanjutnya disebut<i> n</i><sub>1</sub>) <span> </span>mengatakan kepada murid-muridnya bahwa papan tulis yang ada dihadapannya sudah penuh dengan tulisannya. Jika dilihat dari persesuaian-persesuaian pragmatik, <i>T<sub>1</sub></i> memerlukan prosedur pemecahan masalah yaitu keharusan murid-murid yang ada di kelas tersebut untuk menghapus tulisan yang ada di papan tulis meskipun tidak dinyatakan secara eksplisit oleh <i>n<sub>1</sub></i>. <span> </span>Terbukti, ada seorang murid yang mau menghapus tulisan di papan tulis meskipun teman-temannya saling melemparkan tanggung jawab untuk menghapus tulisan tersebut. <i>T<sub>1</sub></i> <span> </span>membutuhkan<span> </span>intelegensi manusia –dalam hal ini para murid yang ada di kelas tersebut- untuk menafsirkannya sesuai dengan situasi dan konteksnya yaitu sudah menjadi kebiasaan di kelas tersebut yang bertugas menghapus tulisan di papan tulis adalah yang piket hari itu. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><i><span lang="IN">Postulat </span></i><span lang="IN">Pragmatik ke-5 terdiri atas dua bagian, yaitu;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">tugas penutur dipandang dari sudut analisis cara-tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Analisis ini mempresentasikan sebuah masalah dan pemecahannya dalam bentuk gambar 1 sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
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<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="67" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="62"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251645440;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1028"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td> </tr>
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style='mso-ansi-language:IN'>1<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 89px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 94px; z-index: 251643392;"><img alt="Diamond: 1" height="89" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="94" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><span> </span><i>G<o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Keterangan gambar:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">1= keadaan awal (individu merasa dingin)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">2= keadaan akhir (individu merasa hangat)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN">G</span></i><span lang="IN">=tujuan untuk mencapai keadaan 2 (menjadi hangat)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN">a</span></i><span lang="IN">=tindakan (menyalakan alat pemanas)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN">Ketika <i>n</i> merasa dingin (keadaan awal), <i>n</i> mengatakan kepada <i>t</i> agar menyalakan alat pemanas. Mendengar kalimat <i>n</i>, <i>t</i> kemudian menyalakan alat pemanas sehingga <i>n</i> merasa hangat (keadaan akhir).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1034" style='position:absolute;
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<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="74" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="68"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251651584;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1034"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1029" type="#_x0000_t4"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:32.9pt;
margin-top:15.25pt;width:57.6pt;height:57.6pt;text-indent:0;z-index:251646464'> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1029'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=IN
style='mso-ansi-language:IN'>1<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 83px; left: 0px; margin-left: 42px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 84px; z-index: 251646464;"><img alt="Diamond: 1" height="83" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="84" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Berikut ini gambar 2 yang merupakan analisis cara-tujuan yang agak rumit, yaitu; <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="IN"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t32"
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o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 120px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 209px; z-index: 251647488;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="209" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN"><span> </span><span> </span></span></b><i><span lang="IN">Nyalakan alat pemanas!<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1033" type="#_x0000_t32"
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style='mso-ansi-language:IN'>2<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 45px; left: 0px; margin-left: 191px; margin-top: 22px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 83px; z-index: 251649536;"><img alt="Pentagon: 2" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1032" width="83" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><span> </span><i>b</i><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Keterangan gambar:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN">1=keadaan awal (<i>n </i>merasa dingin)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN">2=keadaan tengahan (<i>t</i> mengerti bahwa <i>n</i> ingin alat pemanas dinyalakan)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN">3=keadaan akhir (<i>n</i> merasa hangat)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><i><span lang="IN">G</span></i><span lang="IN">=tujuan mencapai keadaan 3 (menjadi hangat)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><i><span lang="IN">a</span></i><span lang="IN">=tindakan n mengatakan kepada t agar alat pemanas dinyalakan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><i><span lang="IN">b</span></i><span lang="IN">=tindakan t menyalakan alat pemanas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="IN">Keadaan tengahan mencakup, antara lain; (i) pencapaian tujuan sekunder, dan (ii) kondisi untuk mencapai tujuan akhir. Keadaan tengahan merupakan keadaan akhir bagi suatu tujuan dekat dan merupakan keadaan awal bagi suatu tujuan kemudian. (Leech, 1996: 57). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="IN">Gambar 2 merepresentasikan pencapaian tujuan yang tidak langsung yaitu memakai bahasa sebagai cara untuk mencapai suatu tujuan tersirat. Gambar 2 bisa juga disebut tindak ujar taklangsung. Searle (dalam Leech, 1996: 57) mengatakan bahwa tindak ujar taklangsung adalah ‘tindak ilokusi yang dilakukan dengan tidak langsung melalui suatu tindak ilokusi lain’. Dengan demikian, kalimat ‘Nyalakan alat pemanas!’ merupakan cara yang tidak langsung untuk mencapai suatu tujuan akhir karena diarahkan kepada suatu tujuan sekunder dulu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="IN">Gambar 3 berikut ini menunjukkan bagaimana tujuan suatu ujaran dapat dicapai melalui ilokusi-ilokusi yang lebih tidak langsung lagi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1036" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:84.5pt;margin-top:4.15pt;width:60pt;
height:60.6pt;flip:y;z-index:251653632' o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="0" width="112"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td></td> <td><img height="87" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1036" width="86" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1037" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:94.1pt;margin-top:14.05pt;width:77.4pt;
height:39.6pt;flip:y;z-index:251654656' o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 60px; left: 0px; margin-left: 124px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 109px; z-index: 251654656;"><img height="60" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1037" width="109" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><i>G<sup>1<o:p></o:p></sup></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span><span> </span><i>G<b><sup>PS<o:p></o:p></sup></b></i></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1044" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:313.1pt;margin-top:12.25pt;width:36pt;
height:31.8pt;z-index:251661824'> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1044'/> </v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 49px; left: 0px; margin-left: 416px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 54px; z-index: 251661824;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="49" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="54"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251661824;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1044"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1035" type="#_x0000_t4"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:57.5pt;
margin-top:2.65pt;width:52.8pt;height:48pt;z-index:251652608'> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1035'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=IN
style='mso-ansi-language:IN'>1<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 71px; left: 0px; margin-left: 75px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 78px; z-index: 251652608;"><img alt="Diamond: 1" height="71" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1035" width="78" /></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN"><span> </span>G<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span></i><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1038"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:110.3pt;margin-top:6.55pt;width:202.8pt;height:.05pt;z-index:251655680'
o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 146px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 273px; z-index: 251655680;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1038" width="273" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><span> </span><i>Dingin di sini,<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1041"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:293.9pt;margin-top:9.55pt;width:40.2pt;height:67.8pt;flip:y;
z-index:251658752' o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 96px; left: 0px; margin-left: 391px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 60px; z-index: 251658752;"><img height="96" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1041" width="60" /></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN"><span> </span><span> </span>bukan?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1039"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:84.5pt;margin-top:2.35pt;width:34.2pt;height:61.2pt;z-index:251656704'
o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="2" width="112"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td></td> <td><img height="87" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1039" width="52" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><i><o:p> </o:p></i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span><i>a<span> </span>c<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1043"
type="#_x0000_t15" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:255.5pt;margin-top:8.35pt;width:52.2pt;height:28.2pt;z-index:251660800'> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1043'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=IN
style='mso-ansi-language:IN'>3<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; margin-left: 340px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 76px; z-index: 251660800;"><img alt="Pentagon: 3" height="44" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1043" width="76" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1042" type="#_x0000_t15" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:118.7pt;margin-top:8.35pt;width:49.2pt;height:28.2pt;
z-index:251659776'> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1042'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=IN
style='mso-ansi-language:IN'>2<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; margin-left: 157px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 73px; z-index: 251659776;"><img alt="Pentagon: 2" height="44" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1042" width="73" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><span> </span><i>b<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1040"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:167.9pt;margin-top:8.95pt;width:87.6pt;height:0;z-index:251657728'
o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 223px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 120px; z-index: 251657728;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1040" width="120" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 126.6pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 126.6pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 126.6pt;"><span lang="IN">keterangan gambar:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt;"><span lang="IN">1<span> </span>=keadaan awal (<i>n </i>merasa dingin)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt 126.6pt;"><span lang="IN">2<span> </span>=keadaan tengahan (t mengerti bahwa <i>n</i> merasa dingin)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt 126.6pt;"><span lang="IN">3<span> </span>=keadaan tengahan (t mengerti bahwa <i>n</i> ingin alat pemanas dinyalakan)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt 126.6pt;"><span lang="IN">4<span> </span>=keadaan akhir (<i>n</i> merasa hangat)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt 126.6pt;"><i><span lang="IN">G<span> </span></span></i><span lang="IN">=tujuan untuk mencapai keadaan 3 (menjadi hangat)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt 126.6pt;"><i><span lang="IN">G<b><sup>PS<span> </span></sup></b></span></i><span lang="IN">=tujuan untuk menaati PS/pesan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt 126.6pt;"><i><span lang="IN">G<sup>1<span> </span></sup></span></i><span lang="IN">=tujuan-tujuan lain (tidak dirinci)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt 126.6pt;"><i><span lang="IN">a<span> </span></span></i><span lang="IN">=tindakan <i>n </i>berupa tuturan <i>n</i> bahwa udaranya dingin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt 126.6pt;"><i><span lang="IN">b<span> </span></span></i><span lang="IN">=tindakan <i>t </i>berupa menyimpulkan/menafsirkan bahwa <i>n</i> ingin agar <i>t</i> menyalakan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 70.9pt 126.6pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span><span> </span>alat pemanas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt 126.6pt;"><i><span lang="IN">c<span> </span></span></i><span lang="IN">=tindakan <i>t </i>menyalakan alat pemanas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt 126.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN">Interpretasi gambar tersebut merupakan tuturan yang mengandung implikatur <i>n</i> ingin agar <i>t</i> menyalakan alat pemanas sehingga memunculkan <i>b</i> yaitu tindakan <i>t</i> berupa menyimpulkan/menafsirkan bahwa <i>n</i> ingin agar <i>t</i> menyalakan alat pemanas. Interpretasi di atas bukan satu-satunya tafsiran dari kalimat ‘Dingin di sini, bukan?’ Mungkin saja kalimat tersebut diucapkan sekedar basa-basi, tanpa tujuan tertentu, atau hanya untuk memelihara hubungan sosial. Dengan ketidakjelasan ini, <i>t</i> bertanggung jawab untuk menafsirkan apakah kalimat tersebut mengandung daya perintah atau tidak sehingga dalam gambar tersebut menimbulkan <i>G </i>dan<i> G</i><sup>PS</sup>. Apalagi kenyataannya, manusia sering mengatakan suatu tuturan agar tujuannya dapat tercapai tanpa melanggar prinsip kerja sama, hubungan sosial dapat terpelihara dengan baik, kesopanan, dll. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt 126.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN">Analisis di atas diterapkan pada penggunaan bahasa secara komunikatif. Tujuan dan maksud dalam suatu tuturan memang disengaja meskipun tuturan/wacana yang diungkapkan seringkali tidak dirancanakan atau disadari terlebih dahulu. Jadi, tujuan di sini merupakan keadaan yang mengatur perilaku individu.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 1.0cm 126.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">tugas petutur dipandang dari sudut analisis heuristik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm 126.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="IN">Heuristik merupakan tugas pemecahan masalah yang dihadapi petutur dalam menginterpretasikan sebuah tuturan. Heuristik berusaha mengidentifikasi daya pragmatik sebuah tuturan dengan merumuskan beberapa hipotesis kemudian mengujinya berdasarkan data-data yang tersedia. Jika hipotesis tidak teruji, akan dibuat hipotesis yang baru sampai akhirnya tercapai suatu pemecahan ( berupa hipotesis yang teruji kebenarannya dan tidak bertentangan dengan evidensi/kenyataan yang ada). Analisis heuristik dapat dijelaskan dengan menggunakan siklus pemecahan masalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.35pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 1.0cm 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1052" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:288.5pt;margin-top:9.25pt;width:18pt;height:34.8pt;
z-index:251670016' o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke dashstyle="1 1"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 49px; left: 0px; margin-left: 384px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251670016;"><img height="49" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1052" width="26" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1051"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:66.5pt;margin-top:12.85pt;width:0;height:34.2pt;flip:y;z-index:251668992'
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type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
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o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 142px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251663872;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1046" width="26" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Problem<span> </span>2. Hipotesis<span> </span>3. Pemeriksaan<span> </span>4. Interpretasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.35pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.35pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1054"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:227.9pt;margin-top:5.65pt;width:25.8pt;height:29.05pt;z-index:251672064'
o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke dashstyle="1 1"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 40px; left: 0px; margin-left: 303px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 36px; z-index: 251672064;"><img height="40" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/doni/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1054" width="36" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Pengujian berhasil<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.35pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.35pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span><span> </span>Pengujian gagal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Siklus pemecahan masalah di atas dapat juga dinyatakan dengan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN"><span> </span><b>n </b></span></i><b><span lang="IN">mengatakan kepada <i>t<span> </span></i>suatu tuturan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Daya tuturan di atas dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN"><span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><span> </span>maksud <i>n</i> ialah agar <i>t</i> mengetahui tuturan yang dikemukakannya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN"><span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN">n</span></i><span lang="IN"> yakin bahwa tuturan yang dikemukakannya diketahui oleh <i>t </i>(disebut Maksim Kualitas)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN"><span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN">n</span></i><span lang="IN"> yakin bahwa <i>t</i> tidak mengetahui tuturan yang dikemukakannya (disebut Maksim Kuantitas)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN"><span>iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN">n </span></i><span lang="IN">yakin bahwa sebaiknya <i>t</i> mengetahui tuturan yang dikemukakannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="IN">Jika hipotesis di atas diasumsikan benar dan <i>n</i> menaati PK, hipotesis tersebut akan diikuti oleh beberapa konsekuensi bersyarat ii s.d iv. i<span> </span>harus diikuti oleh ii agar <i>n</i> tidak berbohong dan tidak melanggar<span> </span>Maksim Kualitas. i<span> </span>juga harus diikuti iii agar <i>t</i> mendapatkan informasi baru dari <i>n </i>sehingga tidak melanggar Maksim Kuantitas. iv juga harus ada<span> </span>untuk menunjukkan bahwa <i>n</i> menuturkan sesuatu yang gayut dengan situasi sehingga tidak melanggar Maksim Hubungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="IN">Jika konsekuensi-konsekuensi di atas sesuai dengan konteksnya, hipotesis tersebut dapat diterima. Apabila satu atau lebih konsekuensi di atas bertentangan, hipotesis tersebut harus ditolak kemudian mempertimbangkan beberapa kemungkinan lainnya. Hipotesis berikutnya yang akan diuji harus berupa hipotesis yang paling dekat dengan beberapa evidensi yang sudah diamati. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="IN">Dalam interpretasi pragmatik, proses pemecahan masalah dapat berlangsung sangat otomatis, tidak dilakukan dengan sadar, dan bukan hasil pemikiran eksplisit. Konteks sangat berpengaruh terhadap interpretasi pragmatik. Interpretasi pragmatik merupakan cara berpikir deduktif yaitu hipotesis dirumuskan terlebih dahulu kemudian beberapa konsekuensi dimunculkan. Dengan demikian, interpretasi pragmatik melalui analisis heuristik, implikatur-implikatur percakapan dapat direncanakan, dipecahkan masalahnya, dan diganti dengan argumentasi sehingga daya dapat ditentukan dari makna tanpa bantuan konvensi-konvensi manasuka. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN"><span>C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">Penutup<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN">Berdasarkan uraian di atas, dapat disimpulkan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN">Postulat</span></i><span lang="IN"> pragmatik ke-5 menyatakan persesuaian-persesuaian gramatik dibatasi dengan pemetaan;<span> </span>sedangkan persesuaian-persesuaian<span> </span>pragmatik dibatasi dengan aneka masalah beserta pemecahannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0cm 126.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN">Postulat</span></i><span lang="IN"> pragmatik ke-5 <span> </span>terdiri atas dua bagian, yaitu; (1) tugas penutur dipandang dari sudut analisis cara-tujuan, dan (2) tugas petutur dipandang dari sudut analisis heuristik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 126.6pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 126.6pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 126.6pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 14.2pt 126.6pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Dep.Dik. Nas.2005.<i>Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia.</i>Jakarta: Balai Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.7pt;"><span lang="IN">Leech, Geoffrey. 1996. <i>Principles of Pragmatics</i>. London: Longman<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.7pt;"><span lang="IN">Tarigan, Hendry Guntur. 1994. <i>Pengajaran Pragmatik.</i>Bandung: Angkasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span lang="IN"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <!--[endif]--> <div id="ftn1"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///E:/s2%20pps%20unesa/pragmatik/Nia%20pragmatik/makalah%20pragmatik.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span lang="IN">Leech (1996) <i>Principles of Pragmatics</i>. London: Longman<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoFootnoteText"><br />
</div></div></div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-33493140182736405642012-04-11T01:34:00.000-07:002012-04-11T01:34:33.085-07:00MULTILINGUAL, BILINGUAL, DAN DIGLOSIA<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">MULTILINGUAL, BILINGUAL, DAN DIGLOSIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Endang Sri Maruti<span> </span>(117835041)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Danar Takdir Prayogi<span> </span>(117835430)</span><span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">A.<span> </span>Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Selintas, sosiolinguistik bisa menjadi sebuah bidang studi karena adanya pilihan dalam pemakaian bahasa. Bidang ilmu ini lebih dipusatkan pada kemungkinan adanya pilihan yang bisa dibuat di dalam masyarakat mengenai penggunaan varietas bahasa. Lalu munculah istilah bilingualisme ‘kedwibahasaan’ maupun multilingualisme kemasyarakatan (societal multilingualism) yang mengacu pada kenyataan bahwa dalam sebuah masyarakat bisa terdapat banyak pilihan bahasa. Terakhir, diglosia bisa muncul karena adanya variasi Tinggi (=T atau H ‘High’) dan Rendah (=R atau L’Low’).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Dalam bab ini, akan mengaji apa itu bilingualisme, multilingualisme, dan diglosia melalui pendekatan sosiolinguistik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">B.<span> </span>Kajian Teori<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Dalam sub-bab ini akan dijelaskan beberapa teori tentang bilingualisme, multilingualisme, dan terakhir diglosia. Berikut penjelasannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">1.<span> </span>Bilingualisme<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Istilah bilingualisme (Inggris: bilingualism) dalam bahasa Indonesia disebut juga kedwibahasaan. Untuk dapat menggunakan dua bahasa tentunya seseorang harus menguasai kedua bahasa itu. Pertama, bahasa ibunya sendiri atau bahasa pertamanya (disingkat B1), dan yang kedua adalah bahasa lain yang menjadi bahasa keduanya (disingkat B2).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Istilah bilingualisme adalah istilah yang pengertiannya bersifat relatif. Kerelativitasan ini muncul disebabkan batasan seseorang disebut multilingual bersifat arbitrer dan hampir tidak dapat ditentukan secara pasti. Mula-mula bilingualisme diartikan sebagai kemampuan untuk menggunakan dua bahasa sama baiknya oleh seorang penutur, namun pendapat ini makin lama makin tidak populer karena kriteria untuk menentukan sejauh mana seorang penutur dapat menggunakan bahasa sama baiknya tidak ada dasarnya sehingga sukar diukur dan hampir-hampir tidak dapat dilakukan (Suwito, 1983:40).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Istilah bilingualisme dalam bahasa Indonesia disebut juga kedwibahasaan (Chaer, 2004:84). Dari istilah yang dikemukakan oleh Chaer tersebut, dapat dipahami bahwa bilingualisme atau kedwibahasaan berkenaan dengan pemakaian dua bahasa oleh seorang penutur dalam aktivitasnya sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Ada beberapa ahli yang menerangkan tentang pengertian kedwibahasaan atau bilingualisme. Salah satunya adalah Weinrich (Aslinda, dkk., 2007:23), ia menyebutkan kedwibahasaan sebagai ‘The practice of alternately using two language’, yaitu kebiasaan menggunakan dua bahasa atau lebih secara bergantian. Dalam penggunaan dua bahasa atau lebih, jika melihat pengertian menurut Weinrich, penutur tidak diharuskan menguasai kedua bahasa tersebut dengan kelancaran yang sama. Artinya bahasa kedua tidak dikuasai dengan lancar seperti halnya penguasaan terhadap bahasa pertama. Namun, penggunaan bahasa kedua tersebut kiranya hanya sebatas penggunaan sebagai akibat individu mengenal bahasa tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Hal di atas tidak sejalan dengan pengertian bilingualisme menurut Bloomfield (Chaer, 2004:85) yang mengemukakan bahwa kedwibahasaan adalah native like control of two languages. Menurut Bloomfiled mengenal dua bahasa berarti mampu menggunakan dua sistem kode secara baik. Pendapat Bloomfiled tersebut tidak disetujui atau masih banyak dipertanyakan karena syarat dari native like control of two languages berarti setiap bahasa dapat digunakakn dalam setiap keadaan dengan kelancaran dan ketepatan yang sama seperti bahasa pertama yang digunakan penuturnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Selain kedua pengertian menurut dua ahli di atas, ada juga Diebold (Chaer, 2004:86) yang menyebutkan adanya bilingualisme atau kedwibasaan pada tingkat awal (incipient bilingualism). Menurut Diebold, bilingualisme tingkat awal ini ‘…yaitu bilingualisme yang dialami oleh orang-orang, terutama oleh anak-anak yang sedang mempelajari bahasa kedua pada tahap permulaan. Pada tahap ini bilingualisme masih sederhana dan dalam tingkat rendah’.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Jika melihat pernyataan Diebold, benar kiranya apabila kedwibahasaan yang banyak digunakan oleh orang-orang adalah kedwibahasaan atau bilingualisme pada tingkat awal. Dalam kegiatan sehari-hari tentunya kita pun tanpa disadari hampir selalu melaksanakan bilingualisme pada tingkat awal ini. Namun, kebanyakan orang pada masa sekarang cenderung tidak menguasai kedua bahasa yang digunakannya dengan tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Selain itu, Chaer (2004:86) mengutip pendapat Lado bahwasanya bilingualisme adalah kemampuan menggunakan bahasa oleh seseorang sama baik atau hampir sama baiknya, yang secara teknis mengacu pada pengetahuan dua buah bahasa bagaimana pun tingkatnya. Pendapat Lado tersebut rasanya mendukung pernyataan Diebold tentangincipient bilingualisme, karena Lado tidak menyebutkan sebagaimana Bloomfiled bahwa penguasaan seseorang yang menganut bilingualisme terhadap bahasa keduanya harus sama dengan bahasa pertama yang digunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Selanjutnya, Mackey dan Fishman (Chaer, 2004:87), menyatakan dengan tegas bahwa bilingualisme adalah praktik penggunaan bahasa secara bergantian, dari bahasa yang satu ke bahasa yang lain, oleh seorang penutur. Menurut Mackey dan Fishman, dalam membicarakan kedwibahasan tercakup beberapa pengertian, seperti masalah tingkat, fungsi, pertukaran/alih kode, percampuran/campur kode, interferensi, dan integrasi. Pengertian bilingualisme menurut Mackey dan Fishman inilah yang dirasa sangat relevan bagi penulis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Dari beberapa pengertian bilingualisme oleh beberapa ahli di atas, konsep umum bilingualisme adalah digunakannya dua buah bahasa secara bergantian oleh seorang penutur dalam pergaulannya dengan orang lain. Hal ini tentunya akan menimbulkan sejumlah masalah. Masalah-masalah tersebut di antaranya adalah sebagai berikut lengkap beserta penjelasannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">a.<span> </span>Taraf kemampuan seseorang akan B2 (B1 tentunya dapat dikuasai dengan baik) sehingga dia dapat disebut sebagai seorang yang bilingual. Bilingualisme merupakan satu rentangn berjenjang mulai menguasai B1, kemudian tahu sedikit akan B2, dilanjutkan dengan penguasaan B2 yang berjenjang meningkat, sampai menguasai B2 sama baiknya dengan B1.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">b.<span> </span>Pengertian bahasa di dalam bilingualisme itu sangat luas, dari bahasa dalam pengertian langue, seperti bahasa Jawa dan bahasa Madura, sampai berupa dialek atau ragam dari sebuah bahasa, seperti bahasa Jawa dialek Surabaya dan bahasa Jawa dialek Banyumas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">c.<span> </span>Waktu yang tepat untuk menggunakan B1 dan harus menggunakan B2 bergantung pada lawan bicara, topik pembicaraan, dan situasi sosial pembicaraan. Jadi, penggunaan B1 dan B2 tidaklah bebas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">d.<span> </span>B1 seorang bilingualis bisa mempengaruhi B2-nya atau juga sebaliknya. Masalah ini menyangkut masalah kefasihan menggunakan bahasa itu dan kesempatan untuk menggunakannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">e. <span> </span>Bilingualisme bisa terjadi pada individu dan juga pada kelompok.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">2.<span> </span>Multilingualimse<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Istilah “bilingualisme” (kedwibahasaan) sering dianggap sama dengan istilah “multilingualisme” (kemultibahasaan), yaitu istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan keadaan penggunaan lebih dari satu bahasa oleh individu, kelompok, atau masyarakat (regional, nasional, bangsa, dan negara).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Multilingualisme lebih merujuk pada penggambaran seorang penutur yang menguasai lebih dari dua bahasa, bisa tiga bahasa, atau empat, bahkan lima bahasa sekaligus. Penggunaanya hampir sama dengan bilingualisme, yakni tahu kapan dan di mana suatu bahasa akan digunakan. Misalnya saja orang Jawa, selain mampu berbahasa Jawa (sebagai bahasa ibunya), juga mampu berbahasa Indonesia sebagai B2, dan bahasa Inggris sebagai B3, bahkan ada beberapa yang bisa bahasa Jepang, Belanda, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">3.<span> </span>Diglosia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Permasalahan mengenai kedwibahasaan kiranya terasa erat sekali dengan perkembangan kebahasaan masyarakat Indonesia. Hal ini dikarenakan bangsa Indonesia menggunakan lebih dari satu bahasa, yaitu bahasa ibu mereka (bahasa daerah) dan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa nasional. Penggunaan bahasa daerah disebut juga sebagai penggunaan bahasa pertama, sementara penggunaan bahasa Indonesia disebut juga sebagai penggunaan bahasa kedua. Penggunaan bahasa yang seperti itu disebut sebagai diglosia (Aslinda, dkk., 2007:26).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Kata diglosia berasal dari bahasa prancis diglossie, yang pernah digunakan oleh Marcais, seorang lingu Prancis: tetapi istilah itu menjadi terkenal dalam studi sosiolingustik setelah digunakan oleh seorang swarjana dari Stanford University, yaitu C.A. Ferguson tahun 1958 dalam suatu symposium tentang “Urbanisasi dan bahasa-bahasa standar” yang diselenggarakan oleh American Anthropological Association di Washinton DC. Kemudian Ferguson menjadikan lebih terkenal lagi istilah tersebut dengan sebuah artikelnya yang berjudul “diglosia”.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Ferguson menggunakan istilah diglosia untuk menyatakan keadaan suatu masyarakat di mana terdapat du variasi dari satu bahasa yang hidup berdampingan dan masing-masing mempunyai peranan tertentu. Diglosia ini dijelaskan oleh Ferguson dengan mengetangahkan sembilan topic, yakni sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">1)<span> </span>Fungsi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Merupakan kriteria diglosia yang sangat penting. Menurut Ferguson dalam masyarakat diglosis terdapat dua variasi dari satu bahasa. Variasi pertama disebut dialek tinggi (disingkat dialek T atau ragam T), dan yang kedua disebut dialek rendah (disingkat dialek R atau ragam R).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">2)<span> </span>Prestise<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Dalam masyarakat diglosis para penutur biasanya menggunakan dialek T lebih bergengsi, lebih superior, lebih terpandang, dan merupakan bahasa yang logis. Sedangkan dialek R dianggap inferior, malahan ada yang menolak keberadaannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">3)<span> </span>Warisan Kesusastraan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Pada tiga dari empat bahasa yang digunakan Ferguson sebagai contoh terdapat kesusastraan di mana ragam T yang digunakan dan dihormati oleh masyarakat bahasa tersebut. Kalau ada juga karya sastra kontemporer dengan menggunakan ragam T, maka dirasakan sebagai kelanjutan dari tradisi itu, yakni bahwa karya sastra harus dalam ragam T. Tradisi kesusastraan yang selalu dalam ragam T ini (setidaknya dalam empat contoh di atas) menyebabkan kesusastraan itu tetap berakar, baik di negara-negara berbahasa Arab, bahasa Yunani, bahasa Prancis, dan bahasa Jerman.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">4)<span> </span>Pemerolehan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Ragam T diperoleh dengan mempelajarinya dalam pendidikan formal, sedangkan ragam R diperoleh dari pergaulan dengan keluarga dan teman-teman sepergaulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">5)<span> </span>Standardisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Ragam T dipandang sebagai ragam yang bergengsi, maka tidak mengherankan kalau standardisasi dilakukan terhadap ragam T tersebut melalui kodifikasi formal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">6)<span> </span>Stabilitas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Kestabilan dalam masyarakat diglosia biasanya telah berlangsung lama, dimana ada sebuah variasi bahasa yang dipertahankan eksistensinya dalam masyarakat itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">7)<span> </span>Gramatika<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Dalam ragam T adanya kalimat-kalimat kompleks dengan sejumlah konstruksi subordinasi adalah hal yang biasa, tetapi dalam ragam R dianggap artivisial.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">8) Leksikon<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Sebagian besar kosakata pada ragam T dan ragam R adalah sama. Namun, ada kosakata pada ragam T yang tidak ada pasangannya pada ragam R, atau sebaliknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">9)<span> </span>Fonologi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Dalam bidang fonologi ada perbedaan struktural antara ragam T dan ragam R. Perbedaan tersebut bisa dekat bisa juga jauh.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Pengertian diglosia boleh dikatakan sama dengan bilingualisme, tetapi diglosia lebih cenderung dipakai untuk menunjukkan keadaan masyarakat tutur, yakni terjadinya alokasi fungsi dari dua bahasa atau ragam. Berkenaan dengan hal di atas, Ferguson (Alwasilah, 1990:136) memberikan batasan diglosia seperti di bawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Diglosia adalah suatu situasi bahasa yang relatif stabil di mana, selain dari dialek-dialek utama suatu bahasa (yang mungkin mencakup satu bahasa baku atau bahasa-bahasa baku regional), ada ragam bahasa yang sangat berbeda, sangat terkodifikasikan (sering kali secara gramatik lebih kompleks) dan lebih tinggi, sebagai wahana dalam keseluruhan kesusasteraan tertulis yang luas dan dihormati, baik pada kurun waktu terdahulu maupun pada masyarakat ujaran lain, yang banyak dipelajari lewat pendidikan formal dan banyak dipergunakan dalam tujuan-tujuan tertulis dan ujaran resmi, tapi tidak dipakai oleh bagian masyarakat apa pun dalam pembicaraan-pembicaraan biasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Dari penjelasan di atas, persoalan-persoalan yang menyangkut diglosia adalah persoalan dialek yang terdapat dalam masyarakat tutur, misalnya dalam suatu bahasa terdapat dua variasi bahasa yang masing-masing ragamnya mempunyai peranan dan fungsi tertentu. Penggunaan ragam-ragam variasi tersebut bergantung kepada situasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Namun, menurut Fishman dalam Sumarsono (2007:39), pengertian diglosia seperti telah dibahas di atas merupakan teori yang sudah dianggap klasik. Lalu Fishman mengembangkan gagasan peran atau fungsi itu ke wilayah yang lebih luas. Menurutnya, diglosia adalah obyek sosiolinguistik yang mengacu kepada pendistribusian lebih dari satu ragam bahasa atau bahasa yang mempunyai tugas-tugas komunikasi berbeda dalam suatu masyarakat. Fishman mengacu kepada perbedaan linguistik, bagaimanapun bentuk dan wujudnya, mulai dari perbedaan gaya dalam satu bahasa sampai kepada penggunaan dua bahasa yang sangat berbeda. Menurut Fishman, yang penting dalam hal ini adalah masing-masing ragam itu mempunyai fungsi yang berbeda dan dalam ranah yang berbeda pula.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Dicontohkan Sumarsono (2007:40), di sebuah kota besar di Indonesia terdapat beberapa suku bangsa dengan bahasa daerah masing-masing di samping bahasa Indonesia. Menurut Sumarsono, fungsi bahasa daerah berbeda dengan bahasa Indonesia dan masing-masing mempunyai ranah yang berbeda pula. Bahasa daerah membangun suasana kekeluargaan, keakraban, kesantaian, dan dipakai dalam ranah kerumahtanggaan, ketetanggaan, dan kekariban, sedangkan bahasa Indonesia membangun suasana formal, resmi, kenasionalan, dan dipakai misalnya dalam ranah persekolahan (sebagai bahasa pengantar), ranah kerja (bahasa resmi dalam rapat), dan dalam ranah keagamaan (khotbah).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Ciri-ciri situasi diglosia yang paling penting adalah pengkhususan fungsi masing-masing ragam bahasa. Ragam bahasa tinggi khusus digunakan dalam situasi-situasi formal seperti kegiatan keagamaan, pidato-pidato, kuliah, siaran berita, atau pada tajuk rencana dalam surat kabar. Sebaliknya, ragam bahasa rendah biasa digunakan dalam situasi-situasi santai seperti percakapan sehari-hari dalam keluarga, antara teman, cerita bersambung dalam radio, atau dalam sastra rakyat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Dalam situasi diglosia akan kita jumpai adanya tingkat-tingkat bahasa dalam beberapa bahasa daerah di Indonesia, seperti bahasa Jawa, Sunda, Bali, Madura, yang masing-masing mempunyai nama. Dalam masyarakat Sunda dikenal undak usuk basa, di dalamnya terdapat aturan tata bahasa yang mengatur tingkatan ragam bahasa rendah dan ragam bahasa tinggi seperti basa cohag (ragam kasar), basa loma (ragam untuk sesama), basa sedeng (ragam sedang atau tengah), basa lemes (ragam halus). Di Jawa terdapat bahasa ngoko (tingkat paling rendah), krama (tengah), krama inggil (tingkat tinggi). Keduanya mempunyai ukuran baku masing-masing dan diakui oleh masyarakat pemakainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Pakar sosiologi, Fasold (1984) mengembangkan konsep diglosia ini menjadi apa yang disebutkan broad diglosia (diglosia luas). Di dalam konsep<span> </span>broad diglosia perbedaan itu tidak hanya antara dua bahasa atau dua ragam atau dua dialek secara binern melainkan bisa lebih dari dua bahasa atau dua dialek itu. Dengan demikian termasuk juga keadaan masyarakat yang di dalamnya ada diperbedakan tingkatan fungsi kebahasaan, sehingga muncullah apa yang disebut Fasold diglosia ganda dalam bentuk yang disebut double overlapping diglosia, double-nested diglosia, dan linear polyglosia (Chaer, 2004:98).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Double overlapping diglosia adalah adanya situasi pembedaan derajat dan fungsi bahasa secara berganda. Misalnya saja dalam masyarakat Indonesia, pada suatu siuasi, bahasa Indonesia adalah bahasa T, dan yang menjadi bahasa R-nya adalah bahasa daerah. Pada situasi lain bahasa Indonesia menjadi bahasa R, dan bahasa T-nya adalah bahasa Inggris. Jadi, bahasa Indonesia mempunyai status ganda.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Double-nested diglosia adalah keadaan dalam masyarakat multilingual, di mana terdapat dua bahasa yang diperbedakan, satu sebagai bahasa T, dan yang lain sebagai bahasa R. Tetapi baik bahasa R maupun T masing-masing mempunyai ragam atau dialek yang juga diberi status R atau T. Contohnya, bahasa Jawa dianggap sebagai bahasa R dan bahasa T-nya adalah bahasa Indonesia. Bahasa Jawa sebagai bahasa T mempunyai ragam bahasa seperti basa krama yang diberi status ragam T dan basa ngoko yang berstatus R. Dalam bahasa Indonesia juga seperti itu, ragam baku dianggap T, dan ragam non-baku dianggap ragam R.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Linear polyglosia adalah situasi kebahasaan yang pembedaan kederajatannya tidak menggunakan model biner, tetapi berdasarkan sikap penutur. Misalnya saja, masyarakat Cina di Indonesia. Berdasarkan sikap orang Cina yang terdidik, bahasa Indonesia dianggap bahasa T, bahasa Mandarin dianggap bahasa DH (dummy high) yang berarti walaupun termasuk ragam T, tetapi penggunaanya terbatas, dan bahasa Daerah termasuk ragam R.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">C.<span> </span>Analisis dan Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Dalam analisis serta pembahasan, akan diberikan contoh tentang hubungan antara bilingualisme dan diglosia. Seperti telah dikemukakan di atas, bahwa kedwibahasaan dan diglosia berhubungan dengan penguasaan dua bahasa atau lebih dalam masyarakat, berikut ini dikemukakan hubungan keduanya berdasarkan Fishman (1977).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">1.<span> </span>Bilingualisme dan Diglosia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Masyarakat bilingual dan diglosis yaitu masyarakat yang menguasai dua bahasa atau lebih yang digunakan secara bergantian, namun masing-masing bahasa mempunyai peranannya masing-masing. Contohnya masyarakat Indonesia dengan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa negara dan bahasa daerah sebagai bahasa intrakelompok. Seperti dalam data di bawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">(1) Sabar, pertanyaan Panjenengan pasti terjawab semua!<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Dalam kalimat tersebut penutur mengetahui ragam dan fungsinya dengan baik. Kata panjenengan termasuk ragam bahasa Jawa T dan digunakan untuk menghormati orang yang lebih tua maupun yang lebih tinggi kedudukannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Contoh lain misalnya, seorang artis yang sedang melakukan wawancara, sering menggunakan bilingualisme dan juga diglosia. Faktor diglosia lebih pada hal prestise.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">(2) Saya berencana akan go international tahun ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Go international menunjukkan prestise seorang artis yang menganggap bahwa bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa T, dan bahasa Indonesia adalah bahasa R-nya. Selain contoh di atas, orang Madura yang berkomunikasi dengan orang Jawa sering menggunakan bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jawa dengan menggunakan logat Madura. Seperti pada data berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">(3) Sampeyan mau beli sate berapa tusuk?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Kata sampeyan dalam bahasa Madura dan bahasa Jawa fungsinya sama, yaitu untuk komunikasi dengan orang yang tidak dikenal, maupun orang yang lebih muda tetapi tetap disegani. Hal ini sudah termasuk pada diglosia, dan untuk mendukung ke-diglosia-nya ini, penutur mengucapkan tuturan tersebut dengan logat Madura. Selanjutnya penutur menggunakan bahasa Indonesia yang menunjukkan ke-bilingual-nya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">2.<span> </span>Bilingualisme tanpa Diglosia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Masyarakat bilingual tetapi takdiglosis yaitu masyarakat yang menguasai dua bahasa atau lebih yang digunakan secara bergantian, dengan masing-masing bahasa memiliki peranan yang sama. Hal ini terlihat pada data di bawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">(4) Jangan nesu-nesu gitu ta ya ya!<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-8536892586570427322012-04-11T01:26:00.000-07:002012-04-11T01:26:33.377-07:00Variasi Bahasa dan Kelas Sosial<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr5MxYla8x53z-HmUOWPYXUA_3qiglg4u-CrbRfMf5-_gh1K5ETF6SlBdl_1E14E2CUaWXGcpivMdG-F9FbGOVp4lOaiIPkIFMf7QTerCB6vu6_NiEbZpQO992PhrAkatDR6uMvhHaDInI/s1600/angga.p.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr5MxYla8x53z-HmUOWPYXUA_3qiglg4u-CrbRfMf5-_gh1K5ETF6SlBdl_1E14E2CUaWXGcpivMdG-F9FbGOVp4lOaiIPkIFMf7QTerCB6vu6_NiEbZpQO992PhrAkatDR6uMvhHaDInI/s1600/angga.p.png" /></a></div><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Variasi Bahasa dan Kelas Sosial</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Agus Paramuriyanto NIM: 117835008<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bambang Edi P. NIM: 117835022</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span> </span>Variasi Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Variasi bahasa terjadi oleh karena amat luas wilayah pemakaiaannya dan bermacam-macam penuturnya. Interaksi antara satu orang dengan orang yang lainnya yang berbeda, faktor sejarah, dan perkembangan masyarakat membawa berpengaruh pada bahasa sehingga berubah menjadi berbagai ragam. Jadi keragaman itu adalah mau tidak mau, merupakan konsekwensi dari hukum alam.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam hal variasi bahasa ini ada dua pandangan. Pertama, variasi itu dilihat sebagai akibat adanya keragaman sosial penutur bahasa itu dan keragaman fungsi bahasa itu. Jadi variasi bahasa itu terjadi sebagai akibat dari adanya keragaman sosial dan keragaman fungsi bahasa. Kedua, variasi bahasa itu sudah ada untuk memenuhi fungsinya sebagai alat interaksi dalam kegiatan masyarakat yang beraneka ragam. Kedua pandangan ini dapat saja diterima ataupun ditolak. Yang jelas, variasi bahasa itu dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan adanya keragaman sosial dan fungsi kegiatan didalam masyarakat sosial. Namun Halliday membedakan variasi bahasa berdasarkan pemakai (dialek) dan pemakaian (register).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis Ragam Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berbagai sumber merincikan ragam bahasa. Ada yang merincikannya dengan membedakan dalam berbagai aspek. Pertama, berdasarkan daerah penggunanya. Ragam daerah sejak lama dikenal dengan nama logat atau dialek. Bahasa yang menyebar luas selalu mengenal logat. Masing-masing dapat dipahami secara timbal balik oleh penuturnya; sekurang-kurangnya oleh penutur dialek yang daerahnya berdampingan. Jika wilayah pemakaiannya orang tidak mudah berhubungan, misalnya karena dipisahkan oleh pegunungan, selat, atau laut, maka lambat-laun logatnya akan membentuk ragam bahasa baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ragam logat/dialek dengan sendirinya erat hubungannya dengan bahasa ibu si penutur. Ciri-ciri yang meliputi tekanan, turun-naiknya nada, dan panjang-pendeknya bunyi bahasa membangun aksen yang berbeda. Logat daerah paling kentara karena tata bunyinya. Logat Indonesia yang dilafalkan oleh orang Tapanuli dan Ambon dapat dikenali karena tekanan kata yang amat jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sikap penutur terhadap aksen penutur lain berbeda-beda. Aksen itu dapat disenangi dan/atau tidak disenangi. Umumnya dapat dikatakan bahwa kita berlapang hati terhadap kelainan aksen orang selama bahasanya masih dapat dipahami. Mungkin hal ini sebagai pengaruh atas penguasaan bahasa itu yang belum terlalu lama, hingga saat ini masih belum ada proses penyatuan logat yang jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kedua, berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan penutur. Ragam bahasa menurut pendidikan formal menunjukkan perbedaan yang jelas antara kaum yang berpendidikan formal dan yang tidak. Tatabunyi bahasa golongan yang kedua berbeda dengan tatabunyi kaum terpelajar. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, misalnya, bunyi /f/ dan akhiran /-ks/, misalnya, tidak selalu terdapat dalam ujaran orang yang tidak bersekolah. Kata fakultas, film, fitnah, kompleks yang dikenal oleh orang berpendidikan, bervariasi menjadi pakultas, pilm, pitenah, komplek dalam orang yang tidak menikmati pengajaran bahasa di sekolah. Perbedaan yang lain juga nampak pada tata bahasa. Kalimat Saya mau bayar itu uang ke bank cukup jelas maksudnya, tetapi bahasa yang terpelihara menuntut agar bentuknya menjadi Saya mau membayar uang itu ke bank. Bahasa orang yang berpendidikan berciri pemeliharaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketiga, berdasarkan sikap penutur. Ragam bahasa Indonesia dalam hal ini mencakup sejumlah corak. Ragam ini, biasa disebut langgam atau gaya, pemilihannya bergantung pada sikap penutur terhadap orang yang diajak berkomunikasi. Sikap ini dipengaruhi antara lain, oleh umur dan kedudukan yang disapa, pokok persoalan yang hendak disampaikannya, dan tujuan penyampaian informasinya. Dalam hal ini, penutur dihadapkan dengan pemilihan bentuk-bentuk bahasa tertentu yang menggambarkan sikap penutur yang kaku, dingin, hambar, hangat, akrab, atau santai. Perbedaan berbagai gaya itu tercermin dalam pilihan kosa kata dan tata bahasa. Meskipun begitu, gaya yang bermacam-macam itu tetap kita kenali. Misalnya, gaya bahasa ketika kita sedang laporan kepada atasan, atau ketika sedang marah, membujuk anak, menulis surat kepada kekasih, mengobrol dengan teman karib.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keempat, ragam bahasa menurut bidang atau pokok persoalan yang melingkupi penutur. Setiap penutur bahasa hidup dan bergerak dalam sejumlah bidang kehidupan sehingga penutur harus memilih salah satu ragam yang berkaitan atau cocok dengan bidang yang dikuasainya. Bidang yang dimaksud itu, misalnya, agama, politik, teknologi, pertanian, seni, olah raga, hukum, dll. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelima, ragam bahasa menurut sarananya terbagi atas ragam lisan atau ujaran dan ragam tulisan. Ragam lisan lebih dahulu dikuasai oleh penggunanya sedangkan ragam lisan diperoleh kemudian. Dalam ragam tulis, orang yang diajak berkomunikasi tidak ada dihadapan kita. Akibatnya, bahasa kita perlu lebih jelas karena tulisan kita tidak dapat disertai oleh gerak isyarat, pandangan, atau anggukan tanda penegasan di pihak kita atau pemahaman di pihak lain yang kita ajak berkomunikasi. Itulah sebabnya, kalimat dalam ragam tulisan harus lebih cermat sifatnya. Fungsi tata bahasa, seperti subjek, predikat, dan objek, serta hubungan di antara fungsi itu, harus jelas. Dalam ragam ujaran, karena penutur bersemuka/berhadapan, fungsi itu dapat ditinggalkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Halliday merincikannya sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a.<span> </span>Variasi dari Segi Pemakai/Penutur: Idiolek, dialek, kronolek, sosiolek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b.<span> </span>Variasi dari Segi Pemakaian, yakni bahasa digunakan untuk keperluan atau bidang apa. Misalnya, bidang sastra, jurnalistik, pertanian, militer, pelayaran, pendidikan, dsb.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c.<span> </span>Variasi dari Segi Keformalan. Dalam hal ini variasi bahasa dibagi menjadi lima macam gaya (ragam), yaitu ragam beku (frozen); ragam resmi (formal); ragam usaha (konsultatif); ragam santai (casual); ragam akrab (intimate).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d.<span> </span>Variasi dari Segi Sarana. Dalam hal ini terdapat ragam lisan dan tulis atau juga ragam dalam berbahasa dengan menggunakan sarana atau alat tertentu, misalnya bertelepon atau bertelegraf.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Beberapa Istilah dalam Ragam Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span> </span>Bahasa Standar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa standar adalah bahasa yang memiliki norma tertentu sebagai patokan atas ragam yang lain. Bahasa standar atau bahasa baku digunakan sebagai bahasa persatuan dalam masyarakat bahasa yang mempunyai banyak bahasa. Bahasa baku umumnya ditegakkan melalui kamus (ejaan dan kosakata), tata bahasa, pelafalan, lembaga bahasa, status hukum, serta penggunaan di masyarakat (pemerintah, sekolah, dll).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa baku tidak dapat dipakai untuk segala keperluan, tetapi hanya untuk komunikasi resmi, wacana teknis, pembicaraan di depan umum, dan pembicaraan dengan orang yang dihormati. Di luar keempat penggunaan itu, dipakai ragam takbaku.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span> </span>Idiolek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Idiolek merupakan variasi bahasa yang bersifat perseorangan. Setiap orang mempunyai idiolek masing-masing. Idiolek ini berkenaan dengan “warna” suara, pilihan kata, gaya bahasa, susunan kalimat, dsb. Yang paling dominan adalah warna suara, kita dapat mengenali suara seseorang yang kita kenal hanya dengan mendengar suara tersebut Idiolek melalui karya tulis pun juga bisa, tetapi disini membedakannya agak sulit.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span> </span>Dialek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dialek yaitu variasi bahasa dari sekelompok penutur yang berada di suatu tempat atau area tertentu. Bidang studi yang mempelajari tentang variasi bahasa ini adalah dialektologi. Variasi ini berbeda satu sama lain dalam sekelompok penutur itu, tetapi masih banyak menunjukkan kemiripan sehingga belum pantas disebut bahasa yang berbeda. Biasanya pemerian dialek adalah berdasarkan geografi, namun bisa berdasarkan faktor lain, misalkan faktor sosial.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebuah dialek dibedakan berdasarkan kosa kata, tata bahasa, dan pengucapan (fonologi, termasuk prosodi). Jika pembedaannya hanya berdasarkan pengucapan, maka istilah yang tepat ialah aksen dan bukan dialek.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis dialek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan pemakaian bahasa, dialek dibedakan menjadi berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span> </span>Dialek regional: varian bahasa yang dipakai di daerah tertentu. Misalnya, bahasa Melayu dialek Ambon, dialek Jakarta, atau dialek Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span> </span>Dialek sosial: dialek yang dipakai oleh kelompok sosial tertentu atau yang menandai strata sosial tertentu. Misalnya, dialek remaja.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span> </span>Dialek temporal, yaitu dialek yang dipakai pada kurun waktu tertentu. Misalnya, dialek Melayu zaman Sriwijaya dan dialek Melayu zaman Abdullah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span> </span>Idiolek, keseluruhan ciri bahasa seseorang yang khas pribadi dalam lafal, tata bahasa, atau pilihan dan kekayaan kata.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span> </span>Kronolek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kronolek atau dialek temporal, yaitu variasi bahasa yang digunakan oleh kelompok sosial pada masa tertentu. Sebagai contoh, variasi bahasa Indonesia pada masa tahun tiga puluhan, lima puluhan, ataupun saat ini.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span> </span>Sosiolek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sosiolek (dari sosial dan dialek) adalah ragam bahasa yang terkait dengan suatu kelompok sosial tertentu. Sosiolek antara lain terjadi pada berbagai kelompok masyarakat menurut kelas sosial, usia, serta pekerjaan. Contohnya adalah perbedaan bahasa antara masyarakat kelas atas dan kelas bawah, remaja dan orang tua, serta antara dokter dan pengacara.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sosiolek atau dialek sosial, yaitu variasi bahasa yang berkenaan dengan status, golongan dan kelas sosial para penuturnya. Dalam sosiolinguistik variasi inilah yang menyangkut semua masalah pribadi penuturnya, seperti usia, pendidikan, keadaan sosial ekonomi, pekerjaan, seks, dsb. Sehubungan dengan variasi bahasa yang berkenaan dengan tingkat, golongan, status, dan kelas sosial para penuturnya disebut dengan prokem.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6.<span> </span>Register<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting ‘berbagai bahasa yang digunakan untuk tujuan tertentu atau dalam lingkungan sosial tertentu’. Variasi ini biasanya dibicarakan berdasarkan bidang penggunaan, gaya, atau tingkat keformalan dan sarana penggunaan. Variasi bahasa berdasarkan bidang pemakaian ini adalah menyangkut bahasa itu digunakan untuk keperluan atau bidang apa. Misalnya, bidang sastra, jurnalistik, pertanian, militer, pelayaran, pendidikan, dsb. Berdasarkan gaya contohnya, ketika menyapa lawan bicara digunakan kata “kamu” untuk yang sebaya/lebih rendah statusnya atau “anda” untuk yang lebih tinggi.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7.<span> </span>Ragam Beku<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ragam beku adalah variasi bahasa yang paling formal, yang digunakan dalam situasi khidmat dan upacara resmi. Misalnya, dalam khotbah, undang-undang, akte notaris, sumpah, dsb.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8.<span> </span>Ragam Resmi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ragam resmi adalah variasi bahasa yang digunakan dalam pidato kenegaraan, rapat dinas, ceramah, buku pelajaran, dsb.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9.<span> </span>Ragam Usaha<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ragam usaha adalah variasi bahasa yang lazim digunakan pembicaraan biasa di sekolah, rapat-rapat, ataupun pembicaraan yang berorientasi kepada hasil atau produksi. Wujud ragam ini berada diantara ragam formal dan ragam informal atau santai.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10.<span> </span>Ragam Santai<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ragam santai adalah variasi bahasa yang digunakan dalam situasi tidak resmi untuk berbincang-bincang dangan keluarga atau teman pada waktu beristirahat, berolahraga, berekreasi, dsb. Ragam ini banyak menggunakan bentuk alegro, yakni bentuk ujaran yang dipendekkan.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">11.<span> </span>Ragam Akrab<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ragam akrab adalah variasi bahasa yang biasa digunakan oleh para penutur yang hubngannya sudah akrab, seperti antar anggota keluarga, atau teman karib. Ragam ini menggunakan bahasa yang tidak lengkap dengan artikulasi yang tidak jelas.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12.<span> </span>Ragam Lisan dan Tulisan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa yang dihasilkan melalui alat ucap (organ of speech) dengan fonem sebagai unsur dasar dinamakan ragam bahasa lisan, sedangkan bahasa yang dihasilkan dengan memanfaatkan tulisan dengan huruf sebagai unsur dasarnya, dinamakan ragam bahasa tulis. Jadi dalam ragam bahasa lisan, kita berurusan dengan lafal, dalam ragam bahasa tulis, kita berurusan dengan tata cara penulisan (ejaan). Selain itu aspek tata bahasa dan kosa kata dalam kedua jenis ragam itu memiliki hubungan yang erat. Ragam bahasa tulis yang unsur dasarnya huruf, melambangkan ragam bahasa lisan. Oleh karena itu, sering timbul kesan bahwa ragam bahasa lisan dan tulis itu sama. Padahal, kedua jenis ragam bahasa itu berkembang menjdi sistem bahasa yang memiliki seperangkat kaidah yang tidak identik benar, meskipun ada pula kesamaannya. Meskipun ada keberimpitan aspek tata bahasa dan kosa kata, masing-masing memiliki seperangkat kaidah yang berbeda satu dari yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam penggunaan ragam bahasa baku tulis makna kalimat yang diungkapkannya tidak ditunjang oleh situasi pemakaian, sedangkan ragam bahasa baku lisan makna kalimat yang diungkapkannya ditunjang oleh situasi pemakaian sehingga kemungkinan besar terjadi pelesapan unsur kalimat. Oleh karena itu, dalam penggunaan ragam bahasa baku tulis diperlukan kecermatan dan ketepatan di dalam pemilihan kata, penerapan kaidah ejaan, struktur bentuk kata dan struktur kalimat, serta kelengkapan unsur-unsur bahasa di dalam struktur kalimat.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">13.<span> </span>Diglosia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diglosia adalah suatu situasi bahasa di mana terdapat pembagian fungsional atas variasi-variasi bahasa atau bahasa-bahasa yang ada di masyarakat. Dalam situasi diglosia akan kita jumpai adanya tingkat-tingkat bahasa dalam beberapa bahasa daerah di Indonesia, seperti bahasa Jawa, Sunda, Bali, Madura, yang masing-masing mempunyai nama. Dengan demikian diglosia itu mengacu kepada kondisi dua ragam dalam satu bahasa hidup berdampingan dalam guyup bahasa, dan masing-masing ragam itu mempunyai peran atau fungsi tertentu.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">14.<span> </span>Pidgin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa pijin atau pidgin adalah sebuah bentuk bahasa kontak yang digunakan oleh orang-orang dengan latar belakang bahasa yang berbeda-beda. Sebuah pijin biasanya memiliki tatabahasa yang sangat sederhana dengan kosakata dari bahasa yang berbeda-beda. Sebuah pijin tidak memiliki penutur bahasa ibu. Jika memiliki penutur asli maka bahasa ini disebut bahasa kreol.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebanyakan bahasa memiliki penutur asli. Pidgin adalah bahasa yang tidak memiliki penutur asli. Pidgin tidak pernah menjadi bahasa pertama dari sebuah kelompok masyarakat. Pidgin hanyalah bahasa untuk melakukan kontak sosial. Dengan kata lain, pidgin lahir dari sebuah situasi multibahasa. Dalam situasi seperti ini, para individu mencari bahasa yang bentuknya sederhana. Oleh karena bentuknya sederhana, bahasa itu dapat dipahami oleh orang lain juga. Pidgin acapkali disebut sebagai bahasa normal yang ‘disunat’ atau disederhanakan.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">15.<span> </span>Kreol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa kreol adalah keturunan dari bahasa pijin yang menjadi bahasa ibu bagi sekelompok orang yang berasal dari latar belakang berbeda-beda. Bahasa-bahasa kreol yang ada di dunia menunjukkan adalah kesamaan, khususnya dari segi tata bahasa yang mengarah pada bahasa universalnya (pidgin). Contoh kreol Melayu, yakni: Betawi, Melayu Ambon, Melayu Manado, Melayu Ternate, Melayu Banda, Melayu Kupang, dll.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">16.<span> </span>Aksen/Logat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aksen adalah pelafalan khas yang menjadi ciri seseorang sesuai dengan asal daerah ataupun suku bangsa (logat). Kekhasan itu pada cara mengucapkan kata (aksen) atau lekuk lidah. Logat dapat mengidentifikasi lokasi dimana pembicara berada, status sosial-ekonomi, dan lain lainnya. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B.<span> </span>Kelas Sosial<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelas sosial atau golongan sosial merujuk kepada perbedaan hierarkis (atau stratifikasi) antara insan atau kelompok manusia dalam masyarakat atau budaya. Biasanya kebanyakan masyarakat memiliki golongan sosial, namun tidak semua masyarakat memiliki jenis-jenis kategori golongan sosial yang sama. Berdasarkan karakteristik stratifikasi sosial, dapat kita temukan beberapa pembagian kelas atau golongan dalam masyarakat. Beberapa masyarakat tradisional pemburu-pengumpul, tidak memiliki golongan sosial dan seringkali tidak memiliki pemimpin tetap pula. Oleh karena itu masyarakt seperti ini menghindari stratifikasi social. Dalam masyarakat seperti ini, semua orang biasanya mengerjakan aktivitas yang sama dan tidak ada pembagian pekerjaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara harfiah kelas sosial sering juga mengacu kepda golongankepada masyarakat yang yang mempunyai kesamaan atau perbedaan dalam bidang kemasyarakatan seperti Ekonomi, Pekerjaan, Pendidikan, Kedudukan, Kasta, dan Sebagainya. Perbedaan menurut bidang ini pun masih memiliki kelas sosial, misalnya dalam bidang Ekonomi, yakni kelas sosila ekonomi mampu dan tidak mampu. Dalam bidang Pekerjaan pun terdapat kelas sosial yakni kelas para petinggi (direktur dan semacamnya) dan kelas pekerja kasar (anak buah). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika dikaitkan dengan bahasa bisa<span> </span>kita mengambil beberapa contoh sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span> </span>Bahasa Jawa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa Jawa mengenal undhak-undhuk basa dan menjadi bagian integral dalam tata krama (etiket) masyarakat Jawa dalam berbahasa. Dialek Surakarta biasanya menjadi rujukan dalam hal ini. Bahasa Jawa bukan satu-satunya bahasa yang mengenal hal ini karena beberapa bahasa Austronesia lain dan bahasa-bahasa Asia Timur seperti bahasa Korea dan bahasa Jepang juga mengenal hal semacam ini. Dalam sosiolinguistik, undhak-undhuk merupakan salah satu bentuk register.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdapat tiga bentuk utama variasi, yaitu ngoko ("kasar"), madya ("biasa"), dan krama<span> </span>("halus"). Di antara masing-masing bentuk ini terdapat bentuk "penghormatan" (ngajengake,honorific) dan "perendahan" (ngasorake, humilific). Seseorang dapat berubah-ubah registernya pada suatu saat tergantung status yang bersangkutan dan lawan bicara. Status bisa ditentukan oleh usia, posisi sosial, atau hal-hal lain. Seorang anak yang bercakap-cakap dengan sebayanya akan berbicara dengan varian ngoko, namun ketika bercakap dengan orang tuanya akan menggunakan krama andhap dan krama inggil. Sistem semacam ini terutama dipakai di Surakarta, Yogyakarta, dan Madiun. Dialek lainnya cenderung kurang memegang erat tata-tertib berbahasa semacam ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai tambahan, terdapat bentuk bagongan dan kedhaton, yang keduanya hanya dipakai sebagai bahasa pengantar di lingkungan keraton. Dengan demikian, dikenal bentuk-bentuk ngoko lugu, ngoko andhap, madhya, madhyantara, krama, krama inggil, bagongan, kedhaton.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di bawah ini disajikan contoh sebuah kalimat dalam beberapa gaya bahasa yang berbeda-beda ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa Indonesia: "Maaf, saya mau tanya rumah Kak Budi itu, di mana?"<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span> </span>Ngoko kasar: “Eh, aku arep takon, omahé Budi kuwi, nèng*ndi?’<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span> </span>Ngoko alus: “Aku nyuwun pirsa, dalemé mas Budi kuwi, nèng endi?”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span> </span>Ngoko meninggikan diri sendiri: “Aku kersa ndangu, omahé mas Budi kuwi, nèng ndi?” (ini dianggap salah oleh sebagian besar penutur bahasa Jawa karena menggunakan leksikon krama inggil untuk diri sendiri)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span> </span>Madya: “Nuwun sèwu, kula ajeng tanglet, griyané mas Budi niku, teng pundi?” (ini krama desa (substandar)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span> </span>Madya alus: “Nuwun sèwu, kula ajeng tanglet, dalemé mas Budi niku, teng pundi?” (ini juga termasuk krama desa (krama substandar))<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6.<span> </span>Krama andhap: “Nuwun sèwu, dalem badhé nyuwun pirsa, dalemipun mas Budi punika, wonten pundi?” (dalem itu sebenarnya pronomina persona kedua, kagungan dalem 'kepunyaanmu'. Jadi ini termasuk tuturan krama yang salah alias krama desa)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7.<span> </span>Krama lugu: “Nuwun sewu, kula badhé takèn, griyanipun mas Budi punika, wonten pundi?”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8.<span> </span>Krama alus “Nuwun sewu, kula badhe nyuwun pirsa, dalemipun mas Budi punika, wonten pundi?”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">nèng adalah bentuk percakapan sehari-hari dan merupakan kependekan dari bentuk baku ana ing yang disingkat menjadi (a)nêng.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan memakai kata-kata yang berbeda dalam sebuah kalimat yang secara tatabahasa berarti sama, seseorang bisa mengungkapkan status sosialnya terhadap lawan bicaranya dan juga terhadap yang dibicarakan. Walaupun demikian, tidak semua penutur bahasa Jawa mengenal semuanya register itu. Biasanya mereka hanya mengenal ngoko dan sejenis madya.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span> </span>Bahasa Madura <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sama halnya dengan bahasa Jawa, bahasa madura pun memilki kelas atau tingkatan dalam hal penggunaannya. Karena memiliki tiga varian bahasa yakni bahasa Enje’-Iyeh (kasar), Enggi-Enten (biasa),dan Enggi-Bhunten (halus).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelas bahasa ini sangat mudah kita jumpai jika kita berada di sekitar lingkungan pondok pesantren yang ada di Madura. Dapat dijelaskan, dalam perkataan sesama santri mereka memakai bahasa “kasaran” yakni enje’-iyeh, dan jika santri dengan pengurus pesantren para santri menggunakan bahasa enggi-enten, dan jika santri dengan kiai maka para santri harus menggunakan bahasa enggi-bhunten.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Itu jika di lingkungan pesantren, yang masih sangat kental dan merupaka tempat untuk belajar tatakrama dalam bertingkah laku ataupun berbicara dengan sesama ataupun orang yang lebih tua. Namun, kelas ini sangat fleksibel sama halnya dengan bahasa jawa, tapi tidak sekongkrit bahasa Jawa. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa Indonesia: "Maaf, saya mau tanya rumah Kak Budi itu, di mana?"<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a.<span> </span>Enje’-iyeh terhadap ...<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Sesama: “Eh, sengko’ atanya ah, romanahcak Budi juah, e dimmah?”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Orang yang lebih tua: “Ta’ langkong saporanah, kaula atanya ah compok nah cak Budi e kimmah gi ?”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Orang Tua/ Guru/ Kiai (orang yang dihormati):“yu’un saporah pak, buleh/ abdinah atanya ah dhalem mah cak Budi, e ka immah gi ?”</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b.<span> </span>Enggi-Enten<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Sesama : manabi roma nah budi e dimmah gi?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Orang yang lebih tua: tak langkong gi, kaula apkonah compok nah cak Budi e kimmah gi ?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Orang Tua/ Guru/ Kiai (orang yang dihormati):<span> </span>“yu’un pangaporah nah, buleh/ abdinah terro oneng ngah dhalem mah cak Budi, e ka immah gi ?”</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c.<span> </span>Enggi-Bhunten<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam kelas ini hanya di kenal dengan kelas sesama saja, karena yang menggunakan bahasa ini hanya orang-orang sesepuh atau para kiai terhadap kiai. Namun dalam kasus kelas bahasa ini ada sistem kebalikan yaitu bagaimana bicara dengan sesama, dan dengan yang lebih muda saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Sesama: tak langkong, kaula alenggi yeh de’ ka compok nah cak budi, e dimmah gi ?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Yang lebih muda : eh, engko’ atanya ah, e dimmah roma nah Budi ?</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Catatan: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam penggunaan bahasa Madura, ini sangat dipenbgaruhi oleh tindak kesopanan, jika dari anak muda berbicara pada sesama bisa menggunakan bahasa Enje’-Iyeh, sedangkan dengan orang yang lebih tua menggunakan kelas bahasa Enggi-Entenatau pun Enggi-Bhunten, dan jika berbicara dengan orang yang sangat dihormati seperti Orang Tua, Guru, Atau Kiai menggunakan bahasa Enggi-Bhunten.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Namun jika sebaliknya jika orang tua atau sesepuh, guru atau kiai yang berbicara pada anak muda, mereka tidak diharuskan memakai bahasa Enggi-Enten atau pun Enggi Bhunten. Karena jika seorang tersebut memakai bahasa tersebut terkesan merendahkan, meski bahasa yang digunakan adalah bahasa enggi-bhunten. Dan jika kepada sesama bebas memakai kelas bahasa apapun.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jadidapat disimpulkan bahwa kelas sosial di dalam bahasa itu merupakan sebuah peraturan atau tatak rama dalam berbicara kepada orang lain, yang biasa di kenal dengan tindak tutur kesopanan dalam berbicara. Banyak teori yang sudah dikemukakan tentang kelas sosial bahasa ini. Seperti penelitian William Labov, yang memasukkan dimensi sosial ke dalam dialektologi. Kemudian ada kelas sosial dengan ragam baku ini terdapat di Inggris. Dan ada lagi Teori Bernstein yang mengemukakan pendapat bahwa ada dua ragam bahasa penutur yakni kode terperinci dan kode terbatas. Selain itu ada hipotesis dari Sapir Whort yang berbunyi “pandangan manusia tentang lingkungannya dapat di tentukan oleh bahawanya”.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daftar Referensi <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gowdy, John. 2006. “Hunter-gatherers and the mythology of the market" in Richard B. Lee and Richard H. Daly (eds.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, pp.391-394. New York: Cambridge University Press<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Habermas, J. 2006. "The European Nation State - Its Achievments and Its Limits. On the Past and Future Sovereignty and Citizenship", in G. Balakrishan (ed.) Mapping the Nation. London: Vernon. 281 - 294<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://azhararief.wordpress.com/2008/08/27/variasi-bahasa-dalam-sosiolinguistik/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragam_bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://intl.feedfury.com/content/15241462-ragam-bahasa.html<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://macuy-marucuy.blogspot.com/2009/10/pengertian-ragam-bahasa-dan-hal-hal.html<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://newspaper.pikiran-rakyat.com/Menimbang-nimbang Bahasa Cirebon (Edisi Tahun 2009). Html.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://uzi-online.blogspot.com/2011/10/ragam-bahasa.html<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hudson, R.A. 1985. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meecham, Marjorie and Janie Rees-Miller. 2001. Language in social contexts. In W. O'Grady, J. Archibald, M. Aronoff and J. Rees-Miller (eds) Contemporary Linguistics. pp. 537-590. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Poerwodarminto, WJS. 1988. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pendahuluan KBBI edisi ketiga.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Uhlenbeck, E.M. 1964. A Critical Survey of Studies on the Languages of Java and Madura. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumarsono dan Paina Partana. 2002. Sosiolingui</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-23991286828410115572012-04-11T00:31:00.000-07:002012-04-11T00:31:19.140-07:00ANALISIS STRUKTURAL LEVI-STRAUSS DALAM CERITA MANDIN TANGKARAMIN<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1I7qIxzq9lkY3jtouue6pt0SnI6jx_RsRTyfdB-CHm-tZeBXCjsw72JSsO12Xlgmmqve6-jYOmkTz9G8-DnTtlhOmVCkg_9afeF456Ue1eupkuADwkP82UFtggAUTjkZbRzAzPnIMVC4m/s1600/elfas+all.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1I7qIxzq9lkY3jtouue6pt0SnI6jx_RsRTyfdB-CHm-tZeBXCjsw72JSsO12Xlgmmqve6-jYOmkTz9G8-DnTtlhOmVCkg_9afeF456Ue1eupkuADwkP82UFtggAUTjkZbRzAzPnIMVC4m/s320/elfas+all.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ANALISIS STRUKTURAL LEVI-STRAUSS DALAM CERITA <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MANDIN TANGKARAMIN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cerita Rakyat Malinau Kalimantan Timur<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">by evi "kaltim"</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Loksado adalah salah satu kecamatan yang terdapat di Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Selatan Propinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Di sana ada sebuah kabupaten bernama Malinau. <span style="background: white; color: black;">Kabupaten Malinau merupakan salah satu daerah hasil pemekaran wilayah Kabupaten Bulungan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 47 Tahun 1999.</span> <span style="color: black;">Pada awalnya Malinau adalah sebuah kawasan pemukiman yang semula dihuni suku Tidung. Daerah ini selanjutnya menjadi kampung, berubah menjadi kecamatan. Kini Malinau menjadi ibukota kabupaten.</span> <span style="color: black;">Berdasarkan keterangan tokoh masyarakat suku Tidung, asal mula timbulnya atau disebutnya nama Malinau saat kedatangan orang-orang Belanda ke pemukiman yang dulunya bernama Desa Selamban. Di Desa Selamban tinggal penduduk dari kalangan keluarga Suku Tidung. Sedangkan di seberang sungai terdapat Desa Pelita Kanaan, yang terletak di tepi sungai Kabiran tempat bermukimnya Suku Abai.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span><span style="color: black;">Pada saat Belanda datang ke desa ini, terjadilah dialog dengan sekelompok Suku Abai yakni kaum ibu yang sedang membuat sagu dari aren. Orang Belanda lantas bertanya: "Apa nama sungai ini?" Maksudnya sungai di desa mereka. Penduduk yang mendapat pertanyaan tersebut tidak mengerti. Mereka hanya menduga maksud pertanyaan orang Belanda tersebut, mereka sedang mengerjakan atau melakukan apa. Lantas salah seorang dari mereka menjawab: "Mal Inau dako", yang maksudnya sedang mengolah atau memasak sagu enau/aren. Mal artinya membuat, sedangkan Inau artinya pohon enau/aren. Orang Belanda yang bertanya mencatatnya. Jadi nama Malinau lahir secara tidak sengaja</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span><span style="color: black;">Kemudian nama Malinau dalam peta dan administrasi Pemerintah Hindia Belanda yang menyebutkan ada nama sungai Malinau. Sejak itulah daerah ini disebut dengan nama Malinau. Sedangkan dalam perkembangannya, daerah Malinau makin banyak penduduknya yang mulai menyebar ke sebelah hulu dan hilir Desa Selamban sebelumnya. Terus berkembang menjadi kota kecil yang kemudian menjadi Kecamatan Malinau. Terakhir setelah adanya pemekaran wilayah Kabupaten Bulungan, Malinau menjadi ibukota Kabupaten (situs resmi Pemkab Malinau, 2012).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Di malinau <span> </span>ada sebuah air terjun bernama Mandin Tangkaramin. Konon, menurut bahasa penduduk di sana, mandin berarti air terjun. Jadi, mandin Tangkaramin berarti air terjun Tangkaramin. Akan tetapi, kata mandin sudah menyatu dengan Tangkaramin sehingga kedua kata itu tak terpisahkan. Adapun kisah selengkapnya adalah sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Madin Tangkaramin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air terjun itu. tidak terlalu tinggi, sekitar tiga belas meter. Hutan lebat mengelilinginya sehingga jika berada di hutan itu terasa selalu dalam dekapan gelap malam. Di dasar air terjun Mandin Tangkaramin terdapat bongkahan-bongkahan batu besar dan kecil. Di antaranya ada bongkah besar berwarna merah, semerah kulit manggis yang ranum, bernama Manggu Masak. Konon, air terjun itu punya kaitan dengan satu kejadian, yakni perkelahian satu lawan satu antara Bujang Alai (BA) dengan Bujang Kuratauan (BK). Dalam perkelahian itu natinya akan melibatkan keluarha kedua belah pihak yaitu pihak Bujang Alai (PBA) dan pihak Bujang Kuratauan (PBK).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kita ambil cerita singkatnya bahwa kedua pemuda itu memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan. Akibatnya, mereka hidup dalam persaingan yang membuahkan dendam terpendam. BA adalah seorang pemuda tampan, angkuh, dan kaya. Ia selalu menyisipkan keris di pinggangnya setiap pergi ke mana saja. Jimat pun selilit pinggang. Karena merasa yakin akan kelebihannya, ia sering bertindak sesuka hati. Ia selalu mempertontonkan keberaniannya di mana saja, dengan harapan orang-orang tertarik kepadanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berbeda sekali keadaannya dengan BK. Ia berpenampilan sederhana dan tidak setampan BA. Ia seorang pemuda yang rendah hati dan penyabar. Selain itu, cara berpikir dan gagasannya menunjukkan kejernihan otaknya. Ia bukan dari kalangan orang kaya. Akan tetapi, ia punya sisi lain yang dapat diandalkan. Ia tidak berusaha menonjolkannya, tetapi muncul sendiri karena diharapkan masyarakat. Musyawarah di desa terasa belum lengkap tanpa kehadirannya. Sebuah keputusan dalam rapat tidak akan diambil tanpa ia turut menganggukkan kepala. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika BA menyelipkan keris dan jimat selilit pinggang untuk menambah keangkuhannya, BK pun selalu membawa senjata setiap bepergian. Parang bungkul, senjata tradisional orang Banjar, selalu tersangkut di pinggangnya. Akan tetapi, senjata itu tidak akan keluar dari sarungnya jika bukan untuk menegakkan kehormatan, kebenaran, dan keadilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada suatu ketika, desa mereka gempar. Ada peristiwa yang dianggap melanggar adat dan mencemarkan nama keluarga, serta mencorengkan arang di muka anggota masyarakat. Seorang gadis hilang entah ke mana tanpa diketahui sebabnya. Bukan hanya orang tua gadis itu yang panik dan amat terpukul, BK pun terusik perasaannya. Walaupun gadis itu bukan keluarganya atau perempuan yang akan dijodohkan kepadanya, peristiwa itu dirasakan sebagai tantangan terhadap dirinya. Ia diminta menunjukkan kemampuannya untuk menemukan gadis itu. Oleh karena itu, BK bertekad menyelidiki perkara ini sampai tuntas. Jauh di hati kecilnya muncul kecurigaan bahwa BA menculik gadis itu. “Sekali ini pasti ia akan kena batunya,” ujar Bujang Kuratauan dalam hati. Belum lagi usaha pengusutan mencapai titik terang, BA tiba-tiba menepuk dada. Ia berkata dengan lantang, “Di rumah saya ada seorang gadis yang saya sembunyikan. Silakan jemput gadis itu, tetapi dengan syarat orang itu mampu menahan ujung kerisku lebih dulu!”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jelaslah bahwa BA menantang BK. Dahi BK berkerut, daun telinga memerah, gigi gemeretuk, dan kilat mata tajam melukiskan amarah. Tangan kanannya meraba hulu parang bungkulnya. Ia berkata dengan suara datar, “Aku tak akan menjemput gadis itu ke rumahmu, tetapi aku menuntut tanggung jawabmu sebagai lelaki!” “Lelaki maksudmu? Keris ini membuktikan kelelakianku! Tentukan tempat dan waktunya!” ujar Bujang Alai sambil meraba keris di pinggang. “Musuh tidak kucari, tetapi jika bersua pantang kuelakkan,” sahut BK. Ia, berusaha meredam kemarahannya yang memuncak dengan suara tertelan, “Jika kerismu mau menjual darah, parang bungkul tumpul ini mampu membelinya!”.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Singkat cerita terjadi perang tanding antara BK dan BA. Keris Nagarunting milik BA ditarik dari sarungnya, diacungkannya ke atas, dan diliuk-liukkannya ke udara dengan sombong. BK tidak ingin kalah aksi melihat atraksi yang dipamerkan BA. Parang bungkulnya yang tajam berkilat berkelebat membelah udara, dipermainkannya dengan kecepatan tinggi. Setelah mempertunjukkan kebolehan masing-masing, tanpa diduga BA dengan tangkas melompat sambil berusaha menyarangkan keris Nagarunting ke dada BK. Akan tetapi, BK sudah siap sehingga serangan mendadak itu tidak mengejutkannya. Dengan gerakan enteng, ujung keris yang akan menembus jantung dapat dielakkannya. Bahkan jika mau, pasti sempat menebaskan parang bungkulnya ke leher BA. Akan tetapi, BK bukan orang haus darah. Kesempatan emas itu tidak dimanfaatkannya. Sikap itu ternyata membuat hati BA semakin membara. Ia merasa dilecehkan. “Gunakan senjatamu jika engkau merasa sebagai lelaki!” tantang BA. BK tidak menjawab. Ia hanya tersenyum, tetapi tangannya telah siap memegang hulu parang bungkul. Matanya nanap penuh selidik menyiasati gelagat yang akan dilakukan BA.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nalurinya tidak salah. BA menyerbu dengan membabi buta. Ia menyarangkan kerisnya bertubi-tubi ke tubuh BK sehingga BK susah mengelakkannya. Gemerincing keris beradu dengan parang bungkul menimbulkan kilatan api di angkasa. Mereka memiliki kehebatan dan kemampuan tempur yang tinggi. Akhirnya, BK tidak hanya menangkis dan mengelak, tetapi ia juga menyerang dan menebaskan parang bungkulnya. Tebasannya berkali-kali mengenai bagian-bagian rawan tubuh BA, tetapi tidak segores pun melukai kulitnya. Demikian halnya BK, berkali-kali ujung keris BA tidak dapat dielakkannya, tetapi sama sekali tidak mencederainya. “Kita lanjutkan di tempat lain!” ujar BA. “Di mana pun aku setuju!” sahut BK. “Mandin Tangkaramin pilihanku!” ujar BA. “Di sana pun aku setuju!” sahut BK.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perang tanding ditunda sementara. Mereka sepakat, Mandin Tangkaramin sebagai arena perkelahian berikutnya. Waktu luang menjelang saat pertarungan berikut itu mereka gunakan untuk mempersiapkan diri agar dapat mengalahkan lawan. Setelah merenung dan menilai kehebatan BA, BK berkata dalam hati, “Ia kebal. Parang bungkul yang bagaimanapun tajamnya tak akan melukai kulitnya.” Jika BA berusaha mempertajam keris Nagarunting, BK justru membuat tumpul parang bungkulnya. Mata parangnya bukan dipertajam, melainkan diasah sehingga tumpul seperti bagian belakangnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam pertarungan di Mandin Tangkaramin, memang tidak seorang pun terluka sebab keduanya kebal. Akan tetapi, parang bungkul BK yang tumpul matanya itu membuat tubuh BA memar atau remuk di dalam. Akhirnya, BA pun meninggal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tersiarlah berita tewasnya BA di tangan BK. Kematian BA itu membuat suasana menjadi panas. PBA ingin menuntut balas sebab utang darah harus dibayar darah. PBK tidak tinggal diam. Mereka tidak menginginkan jatuhnya korban. Siasat pun diatur sebaik-baiknya. Obor-obor dinyalakan sehingga perhatian musuh terpancing dalam gelap gulita itu. PBA mengejar obor-obor yang gemerlapan itu dengan kemarahan meluap. PBK menghindarkan diri agar jangan terjadi bentrokan. Setelah sampai di puncak air terjun Mandin Tangkaramin, obor-obor itu mereka lempar ke bawah. Melihat nyala obor-obor itu PBA menduga musuh menyimpang jalan sambil berlari menyusuri lintasan. Mereka hanya berpatokan pada nyala obor yang dilemparkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(12)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Singkat cerita PBA pun langsung memintas menuju obor. Jalan pintas yang mereka perkirakan memang tidak ada, kecuali jurang menganga. Sehingga pada akhirnya mereka pun <span> </span>(PBA) jatuh di atas bongkahan-bongkahan batu. Darah mereka mengucur di batu-batu <span> </span>dan menjadikan batu-batu merah warnanya, semerah kulit manggis masak. Kemudian hingga saat ini para penduduk setempat menyebutnya Batu Manggu Masak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Demikian cerita Madin Tangkaramin, untuk dapat lebih mendalami cerita ini maka perlu dilakukan analiais structural seperti yang telah ditunjukan Levi-Strauss. Mengingat data etnografi tentang Madin Tagkaramin ini belum sempat ditelaah lebih jauh, maka saya akan mencoba menafsirkan cerita di atas berdasarkan prosedur yang telah ditunjukkan oleh Levi-Strauss.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisis Ceriteme<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Strauss (2012 : 204) mengatakan bahwa <i>mytheme </i>merupakan tindakan atau peristiwa yang hanya terdapat pada tingkat kalimat. Sedangkan <i>ceritheme</i> merupakan rangkaian-rangkaian kalimat yang mengandung pengertian tertentu. Sebelum melakukan alanilis srtuktural, pada tahapan ini saya akan menampilkan ceriteme terlebih dahulu yang nantinya akan dapat menemukan rangkaian-rangkaian kalimat yang memperlihatkan suatu ‘pengertian’ tertentu seperti berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“…BA adalah seorang pemuda tampan, angkuh, dan kaya. Ia selalu menyisipkan keris di pinggangnya setiap pergi ke mana saja. Jimat pun selilit pinggang. Karena merasa yakin akan kelebihannya, ia sering bertindak sesuka hati. Ia selalu mempertontonkan keberaniannya di mana saja, dengan harapan orang-orang tertarik kepadanya...” (alenia 2)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">...”Di rumah saya ada seorang gadis yang saya sembunyikan. Silakan jemput gadis itu, tetapi dengan syarat orang itu mampu menahan ujung kerisku lebih dulu!” (alenia 4)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“… Ia berpenampilan sederhana dan tidak setampan BA. Ia seorang pemuda yang rendah hati dan penyabar. Selain itu, cara berpikir dan gagasannya menunjukkan kejernihan otaknya. Ia bukan dari kalangan orang kaya…” (alenia 3) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>(4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“…Akan tetapi, ia punya sisi lain yang dapat diandalkan. Ia tidak berusaha menonjolkannya, tetapi muncul sendiri karena diharapkan masyarakat. Musyawarah di desa terasa belum lengkap tanpa kehadirannya. Sebuah keputusan dalam rapat tidak akan diambil tanpa ia turut menganggukkan kepala…” (alenia 3).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Ceriteme pertama di atas dapat kita katakana mengandung pengertian bahwa “BA adalah orang Malinau yang tergolong kaya dengan segala perilaku buruknya sebagaimana terlihat pada kalimat “Karena merasa yakin akan kelebihannya, ia sering bertindak sesuka hati. Ia selalu mempertontonkan keberaniannya di mana saja, dengan harapan orang-orang tertarik kepadanya”. Ceriteme kedua menyiratkan pengertian bahwa BA adalah orang yang tidak disukai oleh rakyat Malinau karena dia melanggar adat yaitu menculik anak gadis sebagaimana dalam kalimat ”Di rumah saya ada seorang gadis yang saya sembunyikan. Silakan jemput gadis itu, tetapi dengan syarat orang itu mampu menahan ujung kerisku lebih dulu!”. Ceriteme ketiga menyiratkan pengertian bahwa BK adalah orang Malinau yang tergolong tidak kaya akan tetapi memiliki perilaku yang baik seperti terlihat dalam kalimat “Selain itu, cara berpikir dan gagasannya menunjukkan kejernihan otaknya. Ia bukan dari kalangan orang kaya”. Ceriteme keempat memperlihatkan bahwa BK adalah orang yang disukai oleh rakyat Malinau sebagaimana dalam kalimat “Ia tidak berusaha menonjolkannya, tetapi muncul sendiri karena diharapkan masyarakat”.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Dari empat ceriteme ini dapat kita lihat bahwa terdapat relasi oposisi (oppositional) antara tokoh BA dan BK. BA dapat dikatakan sebagai orang Malinau yang kaya akan tetapi mempunyai perilaku buruk sehingga tidak disukai oleh masyarakat tersebut, sedangkan BK adalah orang Malinau dengan segala kebaikannya sehingga ia dapat diterima dan disukai oleh masyarakat setempat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisis struktural<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Episode I (alenia 2-4)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Dalam episode ini kita dapat melukiskan tentang tokoh Bujang Alai (BA) dan Bujang Karatauan (BK) dengan perbedaan tingkat social dan perbedaan sifat diantara keduanya. BA mencerminkan orang Malinau yang kaya dan mempunyai sifat buruk sehingga masyarakat setempat tidak menyukainya dan (BK) adalah orang Malinau yang miskin dan mencerminkan sifat baik dan karena sifatnya tersebut ia disukai oleh masyarakat setempat. Dari sini kita dapat memperoleh skema sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BA<span> </span>: orang Malinau yang tergolong <b>kaya<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BK<span> </span>: orang Malinau yang tergolong <b>miskin<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan atas kategori strata sosial, ekonomi yang ada dalam kehidupan sehari-hari orang Malinau, maka episodeini dapat ditafsirkan sebagai simbolisme dari dua strata yaitu strata atas dan strata bawah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Jika dilihat dari segi kebiasaan masyarakat dan sifat-sifat/perilaku masyarakat Malinau dapat kita lihat pada skema berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BA<span> </span>: mempunyai <b>sifat buruk</b> - <b>tidak disukai</b> masyarakat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BK<span> </span>: mempunyai <b>sifat baik </b>– <b>disukai</b> masyarakat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Dalam episode ini “makna” tokoh BA hanya dapat ditangkap bila dibandingkan dengan tokoh BK. BA adalah orang Malinau yang mempunyai perangai angkuh, menyombongkan kekuatanya dan bertindak sesuka hati sehingga hal tersebut membuat masyarakat tidak menaruh simpati padanya. Berbeda dengan BK yang rendah hati, suka menolong danwalaupun dia mempunyai kesaktian akan tetapi dia tidak menggunakannya kecuali untuk menolong.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Dilihat dari sudut pandang kemampuan atau kesaktian oposisinya adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BA<span> </span>: mempunyai senjata yaitu keris Nagarunting dan menyelipkan keris dan jimat selilit pinggang <b>untuk menambah keangkuhannya</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BK<span> </span>: mempunyai senjata<span> </span>yaitu Parang bungkul, senjata tradisional orang Banjar. Akan tetapi, senjata itu tidak akan keluar dari sarungnya jika bukan <b>untuk menegakkan kehormatan, kebenaran, dan keadilan.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam episode ini tokoh BA mencerminkan orang yang gemar memamerkan kesaktiannya kepada orang-orang guna mendapat pengakuan dari masyarakat, BA juga mempunyai senjata yang digunakan untuk menambah keangkuhannya. Hal ini bertolakbelakang dengan tokoh BK yang mencerminkan kerendahan hati walaupun dia juga mempunyai kesaktian dan senjata namun ia hanya mempergunakannya untuk menegakkan keadilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Episode II ( alenia 5)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Pada episode ini meceritakan tentang kejadian yang menggemparkan warga masyarakat yaitu salah seorang warga yang kehilangan anak gadisnya. Jelas bahwa dalam adat kebiasaan masyarakat Malinau bahwa melarikan anak gadis orang adalah perbuatan yang melanggar adat, mencemarkan nama keluarga, serta mencorengkan arang di muka anggota masyarakat. Di dalam episode ini mencerminkan sikap tolong menolong dalan masyarakat Malinau dengan cerminan tokoh BK yang terusik perasaannya, peristiwa itu dirasakan sebagai tantangan terhadap dirinya dan BK bertekad menyelidiki perkara ini sampai tuntas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Episode III ( alenia 6-8)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Menceritakan tentang tantangan yang diajukan BA terhadap BK untuk bertanding. Keduanya saling menunjukkan kesaktian dan memperlihatkan kelihaian mereka dalam menggunakan senjata masing-masing. Yang menarik dalam episode ini adalah tidak terjadi inverse atau tidak tergambar perbedaan antara tokoh BA dan BK seperti yang tergambar dalam episode I dan II. Di dalam episode ini mereka sama-sama kuat dan tak terkalahkan, sehingga pertempuran ditunda dan akan dilanjutkan pada tempat yang telah mereka sepakati dengan tidak ada yang menang dan yang kalah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Episode IV (9-10)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Menceritakan tentang pertempuran sengit antara BA dan BK yang terjadi pada tempat yang telah mereka sepakati yaitu di Mandin Tangkaramin sebagai arena perkelahian. Namun sebelum mereka bertemu untuk bertempur mereka mempersiapkan diri agar dapat mengalahkan lawan. Di sinilah terdapat perbedaan apa yang dilakukan tokoh, skema di bawah ini akan memerlihatkan inverse antara kedua tokoh tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BA<span> </span>: berusaha <b>mempertajam</b> keris Nagarunting<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BK<span> </span>: <b>membuat tumpul</b> parang bungkulnya, mata parangnya bukan dipertajam, melainkan diasah sehingga tumpul seperti bagian belakangnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam episode ini diceritakan bahwa dalam pertarungan di Mandin Tangkaramin, memang tidak seorang pun terluka sebab keduanya kebal. Akan tetapi, <span> </span>akal cerdik BK dengan parang bungkul yang tumpul matanya itu membuat tubuh BA memar atau remuk di dalam. Hingga pada akhirnya, BA meninggal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Episode V (alenia 11-12)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Mengisahkan peristiwa pasca kematian BA ditangan BK. Kematian BA itu membuat suasana hati rakyat Malinau menjadi panas. <span> </span>Skema yang memperlihatkan perbedaan adalah<span> </span>sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PBA<span> </span>: ingin <b>menuntut balas</b> sebab utang darah harus dibayar darah. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PBK<span> </span>: <b>tidak menginginkan</b> jatuhnya korban<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam skema di atas sangat jelas tergambar bahwa PBA adalah pihak yang mudah terbakar amarahnya dan mempunyai prinsip utang nyawa dibayar nyawa seperti realitas yang sering terjadi pada masyarakat daerah pedalaman. Jadi dalam episode terakhir ini sebagai simbol superioritas dikalangan masyarakat Malinau siapa yang kuat akan dapat bertahan hidup dan siapa yang kalah akan mempertaruhkan nyawanya. Singkat cerita PBA yang sudah terbakar amarahnya sehingga menutupi akalnya sehingga pada akhirnya mereka pun <span> </span>jatuh ke jurang di atas bongkahan-bongkahan batu. Darah mereka mengucur di batu-batu<span> </span>dan menjadikan batu-batu berwarna merah, semerah kulit manggis masak. Kemudian hingga saat ini para penduduk setempat menyebutnya Batu Manggu Masak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Berdasarkan episode-episode yang telah dilalui tampak jelas bahwa dalam episode II-V menunjukkan inversi yang ada dalam cerita. Skema berikut akan memudahkan hal ini:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eps III <span> </span>: BK bertempur <b>tak terkalahkan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eps IV <span> </span>: BA <b>kalah</b> dalam pertempuran dan tewas ditangan BK<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eps II<span> </span>: PBK dan PBA <b>saling musyawarah</b> ketika ada pelanggaran adat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eps V<span> </span>: PBA <b>terbakar amarah dan menuntut balas</b> kematian BA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kita lihat di sini adanya hubungan invensional antara episode III dan IV di mana dalam episode III digambarkan BK bertempur tak terkalahkan sedangkan di episode IV BA kalah dalam pertempuran tersebut. Kemudian juga terdapat hubungan invensional antara episode II dan V. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wujud realitas sosial dan konflik antar suku di Malinau<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span> </span>Cerita di atas sebagai salah satu gambaran bahwa di daerah Malinau pada kondisi ekonomi yang miskin. Dengan jelas digambarkan dalam cerita di atas tentang kondisi daerah tersebut<span> </span>dengan latar perkampungan, hutan, air terjun dan jurang. <span style="background: white;">Kabupaten Malinau merupakan salah dari 3 (tiga) wilayah kabupaten yang berbatasan langsung dengan negara tetangga. Kabupaten Malinau juga salah satu kabupaten pemekaran yang baru. Secara umum kabupaten Malinau terletak di daerah hulu sungai dan pendalaman yang berbatasan dengan Negara Bagaian Serabwak Malaysia Timur. Dengan Mayoritas penduduk asli malinau berasal dari Suku Dayak dengan berbagai sub-etnisnya seperti Suku Kenya, Suku Lun Dayeh, Suku Tidung dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: black;"><span> </span>Secara geografis kondisi kawasan perbatasan pada umumnya terpencil, miskin fasilitas sarana dan prasarana, pendapatan ekonomi masyarakat diwilayah perbatasan di Kabupaten Malinau masih kecil, sementara potensi sumber daya alam belum dimanfaatkan secara maksimal. Semua itu karena akses informasi, teknologi yang tidak memadai dan kondisi yang jauh dari pusat pemerintahan. Kehidupan mereka sangat pas-pasan dan bisa dikatakan jauh dari kata modern. Sangat jarang ditemukan alat-alat elektronik yang canggih. Sehingga dalam keadaan seperti itu apabila terjadi perselisihan diantara warga maka hal tersebut </span><span style="color: black;">masih rawan terjadi konflik antar suku.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penegasan nilai utama cerita “Mandin Tangkaramin”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Cerita di atas juga dapat ditafsirkan sebagai upaya orang Malinau untuk menegaskan akan nilai sebuah sikap dalam masyarakat melalui kedua tokoh yaitu BA dan BK. Bahwasanya sikap yang dicerminkan atau digambarkan oleh tokoh BA tidaklah patut untuk di tiru karena kajahatan, keangkuhan, kesombongan, terlebih lagi m elanggar adat akan membawa petaka bagi dirinya sendiri yang kemungkinan besar juga mempertaruhkan nyawanya. Hal ini kontradiksi dengan penggambaran sikap BK yang rendah hati, suka menolong dan membela keadilan yang berujung pada kemenangan dan keselamatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-90043624135046756652012-01-17T18:49:00.000-08:002012-01-17T18:49:25.876-08:00FILM SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYdoi77cG2Y1alcZpq1kTbYK-An1qcYHKPCOf2V_6vw-uU3e5PMR1rj6Pi8ZDAwyGocptvlOUnAro-O_HWR7qWbUlFXcq3OvzNdFWXas1XaJ92Aq8IVYkQ4U6uJaHGMFAglIHGKh8uaE1d/s1600/pelangi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYdoi77cG2Y1alcZpq1kTbYK-An1qcYHKPCOf2V_6vw-uU3e5PMR1rj6Pi8ZDAwyGocptvlOUnAro-O_HWR7qWbUlFXcq3OvzNdFWXas1XaJ92Aq8IVYkQ4U6uJaHGMFAglIHGKh8uaE1d/s320/pelangi.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FILM SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abstrak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Media pembelajaran adalah sebuah alat yang mempunyai fungsi untuk menyampaikan pesan-pesan tertentu kepada orang lain, yang dimaksud film sebagai media pembelajaran bahasa adalah film dimanfaatkan untuk menyanpaikan pesan-pesan bahasa tertentu agar orang yang melihat film tersebut bisa bertambah ilmunya, terutama pengetahuan-penegtahuan baru dan bertambahnya kosakata baru. Didalam artikel ini juga dijelaskan tentang pengertian media pembelajaran, ciri-ciri film yang cocok untuk digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran bahasa serta pemanfaatan media massa untuk belajar bahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum membahas tentang film sebagai media pembelajaran ini, penulis makalah ini ingin menceritakan dasar dari pemikirannya. Sebelum membuat judul ini, penulis sering melihat fideo/film motivasi, dan ketika melihat film tersebut semangat penulis meningkat derastis, Ketika penulis menonton film edukasi yang ada di saluran TV lokan “bone tv” yang ada dibojonegoro dan dianggap seru serta dinilai cocok untuk belajar secara masal maka penulis berfikir dan berandai-andai “bagaimana jika proses menjelaskan materi pelajaran di seluruh kelas dari tingkat SD sampai SMA dilakukan dengan melihat fideo/film yang diperankan oleh seorang artis yang sangat berpengalaman dan di setting oleh seorang prosuser ulung seperti dedy mizward yang mampu menciptakan film yang berkualitas dan guru bertugas untuk memberikan penjelasan dan tambahan materi yang dirasa kurang”, maka dengan cara seperti itu akan meningkatkan pemahaman anak didik. Jika materi pelajaran, RPP, guru yang mengajar”dari video”yang sama seluruh Indonesia maka tidak menutup kemungkinan ujian teori yang di UNASkan lebih dapat diterima. Dari cara berfikir seperti itulah penulis membuat judul makalah “Film Sebagai Media Pembelajaran”.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Media Pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Media adalah sebuah alat yang mempunyai fungsi menyampaikan pesan (Bovee, 1997). Media merupakan bentuk jamak dari kata “medium” yang berasal dari bahasa latin yang berarti “antara”. Istilah media dapat kita artikan sebagai segala sesuatu yang menjadi perantara atau penyampai informasi dari pengirim pesan kepada penerima pesan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbicara mengenai media tentunya kita akan mempunyai cakupan yang sangat luas, oleh karena itu saat ini masalah media kita batasi kearah yang relevan dengan masalah pembelajaran saja<span> </span>atau yang dikenal sebagai media pembelajaran. Briggs menyebutkan bahwa media adalah segala alat fisik yang dapat menyajikan pesan serta merangsang siswa untuk belajar. Sementara itu Schramm berpendapat bahwa media merupakan teknologi pembawa informasi atau pesan instruksional yang dapat dimanipulasi, dilihat, didengar dan dibaca. Dengan demikian media pembelajaran adalah sebuah alat yang berfungsi untuk menyampaikan pesan pembelajaran.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembelajaran adalah sebuah proses komunikasi antara pembelajar, pengajar dan bahan ajar. Komunikasi tidak akan berjalan tanpa bantuan sarana penyampai pesan atau media. Pesan yang akan dikomunikasikan adalah isi pembelajaran yang ada dalam kurikulum yang dituangkan oleh pengajar atau fasilitator atau sumber lain ke dalam simbol-simbol komunikasi, baik simbol verbal<span> </span>maupun simbol non verbal atau visual.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan media dalam pembelajaran dapat membantu anak dalam memberikan pengalaman yang bermakna bagi siswa. Penggunaan media dalam pembelajaran dapat mempermudah siswa dalam memahami sesuatu yang abstrak menjadi lebih konkrit. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Jerome S Bruner bahwa siswa belajar melalui tiga tahapan yaitu enaktif, ikonik, dan simbolik. Tahap<span> </span>enaktif yaitu tahap dimana siswa belajar dengan memanipulasi benda-benda konkrit. Tahap ikonik yaitu suatu tahap dimana siswa belajar dengan menggunakan gambar atau videotapes. Sementara tahap simbolik yaitu tahap dimana siswa belajar dengan menggunakan simbol-simbol.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Audio Visual sebagai Media Pembelajaran Rohani (dalam Harmawan, 2007) mengemukakan bahwa, media audio visual adalah media instruksional modern yang sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman (kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan, dan teknologi) meliputi media yang dapat dilihat dan didengar). Sedangkan menurut Winataputra ( 2002 : 5 ), audio visual merupakan kombinasi audio dan visual. Penyajian materi atau bahan ajar akan lebih optimal dengan menggunakan media ini. Media audio visual adalah media yang dapat dilihat dan dapat didengar dan dapat sebagai bahan diskusi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Film Dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Guru memerankan sebuah peranan inti di dalam kesuksesan atau kegagalan pada setiap penggunaan <span> </span>film di dalam proses belajar mengajar kelas bahasa. Hal ini dikarenakan guru yang memilki film,<span> </span>yang berkenaan dengan materi yang ingin disampaikan dengan kebutuha-kebutuhan visual dan menggabungkan video dengan kurikulum dengan area kurikulum bahasa yang lain. Kesempatan-kesempatan yang dimiliki oleh film memiliki peluang dalam mencapai tujuan yang penting untuk memotivasi minat siswa yang menyiapkan praktik listening yang realistis, menstimulasi penggunaan bahasa, dan meningkatkan kesadaran siswa pada point-point bahasa tertentu atau aspek-aspek komunikasi lain yang bisa dikembangkan atau diturunkan dengan cara guru memperkenalkan film dan aktifitas-aktiitas yang lain dan mencari film yang berkaitan dengan pembelajaran. Film menjadi potensial dan diterima dalam pembelajaran bahasa jika bisa digunakan sebagai bagian integral dalam pembelajaran. Jika anda merencanakan untuk menggunakan film sebagai suplemen materi, pastikan urutannya harus mencangkup semua tujuan pelajaran anda. Salah satu cara melakukannya adalah memperkenalkan atau memperluas tema atau topik yang sudah menjadi bagian dari kurikulum atau sama dengan buku materi siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam proses belajar mengajar kita mengenal banyak alat yang dapat dipakai oleh seorang guru misalnya saja LCD, TV, Radio, tape recorder dan lain sbagainya. Disini penulis membagi film untuk kepentingan belajar mengajar menjadi beberapa bagian berdasarkan kemampuan audio visual. Media audio visual dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 3 kelompok, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1) Slide Suara<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Slide suara adalah pengembangan dari slide biasa yang belum menggunakan suara kemudian digabungkan dengan audio yang berhubungan dengan temanya. Slide suara biasanya berupa power point yang berisi materi pembelajaran disertai dengan suara.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2) Film Nyata<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Film nyata menggambarkan kejadian tertentu secara lebih hidup, karena diperagakan langsung oleh manusia atau makhluk hidup lainnya dan ditampilkan apa adanya sesuai dengan alur cerita. Film nyata dapat berupa film dokumenter, sinetron, radio vision dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span> </span>Film Tidak Nyata(fiksi)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara umum, film tidak nyata juga menggambarkan kejadian tertentu dengan disertai alur cerita. Namun, film tidak nyata termasuk film ringan dan cenderung menghibur. Film kartun dan animasi merupakan film tidak nyata, karena dalam penggambaran cerita tidak diperagakan langsung oleh makhluk hidup, dan ceritanya tentang animasi, angan-angan manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Film sebagai media pembelajaran Dalam pembelajaran, penggunaan media film bukan media yang utama melainkan hanya sebagai selingan<span> </span>saja , sebagai penambah motivasi belajar dan memberikan suasana<span> </span>baru dalam kegiatan belajar. Tidak semua film layak dijadikan sebagai media pembelajaran, maka kita atau pun guru sudah seharusnya melakukan proses seleksi terlebih dahulu mana film yang relevan dan layak dijadikan mediapembelajaran. Banyak situs di internet yang menyediakan materi maupun media yang khusus digunakan dalam pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin secara gratis. Dengan memafaatkan situs – situs tersebut, maka pengajar dapat memperoleh film yang layak untuk digunakan dalam mengajar. Film mampu mempercepat pemahaman siswa dalam belajar, sehingga belajar menjadi lebih efekif. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita mengenal banyak film mulai dari filem kuntil anak, pocong, film sinetron, film exsen, filem remaja dan film edukasi maupun filem berdurasi pendek. Adapun ciri – ciri film yang layak digunakan dalam pembelajaran bahasa adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span> </span>Durasi waktu yang singkat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span> </span>Kosakata yang tidak sulit atau dapat digunakan dalam percakapan sehari – hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span> </span>Pelafalan tokoh yang tidak terlalu cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span> </span>Memiliki pesan moral yang baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan penggunaan film yang berkualitas, diharapkan mampu meningkatkan<span> </span>efisiensi, meningkatkan motivasi, memfasilitasi belajar aktif, memfasilitasi belajar eksperimental, konsisten dengan belajar berpusat pada siswa, dan memandu untuk belajar lebih baik serta mempercepat pemahaman dan membantu siswa untuk mengingat kosakata bahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Televisi Sebagai Media Pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Media massa cetak maupun elektronik setiap hari, setiap saat di dengar, dilihat dan dibaca oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Oleh karena itu media massa memiliki fungsi strategis dalam upaya pembinaan bahasa. Media massa, baik itu media cetak maupun media elektronik memiliki jangkauan yang sangat luas. Negara kita wilayahnya luas sekali dan juga memiliki ribuan pulau, hal ini tentunya membutuhkan alat komunikasi yang dapat menjangkau semua wilayah itu. Masyarakat yang tersebar luas itu pasti memiliki minat yang berbeda-beda dalam hal mengakses informasi. Ada orang yang lebih snang menonton TV, ada yang lebih suka mendengarkan radio dan banyak juga yang suka membaca surat kabar, terutamanya kalangan menegah keatas. Dengan demikian masyarakat Indonesia yag tersebar luas dari sabang sampai merauke, dari jawa sampai Kalimantan merupakan konsumen media massa. Tentu hal semacam ini bisa dimanfaatkan dan dijadikan sebagai alat pembelajaran. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siaran media masa yang semakin maju mulai dari media cetak sampai ke media elektronik memiliki pengaruh yang sangat besarbagi kemajuan bangsa serta dapat mempengaruhi karakter dan sikap masyarakat Indonesia. Dari segi positif media dapat:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan informasi tentang berbagai peristiwa dan situasi baik dalam negri maupun luar negri.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyebarkan ilmu pengetahuan, mendoktrin secara tidak langsung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berperan untuk membimbing masyarakat(contoh tips memelihara esehatan, trik dan tip berbisnis dan tips bercocok tanam yang baik) dan yang terahir<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai sarana hiburan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam fungsinya sebagai media <span>pendidikan</span><b>, </b><span>media massa</span> berkewajiban memasyarakatkan <span>bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Daerah</span>. Media harus menjadi teladan dan pelopor dalam penggunaan <span>bahasa Indonesia</span> yang baik dan benar. Oleh karena itu menempatkan media massa sebagai alat untuk membina dan menjaga bahasa Indonesia adalah suatu hal yang tepat. Jika bahasa Indonesia yang digunakan adalah bahasa Indonesia yang benar, ini berarti secara tidak langsung masyarakat telah diarahkan untuk mengunakan bahasa yang benar pula.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Film sebagai media pembelajaraan sangat perlu diterapkan karena selain mempermudah proses belajar mengajar, filem juga bisa menjadi standart kualitas untuk memberikan materi dan pada ahirnya nanti akan meningkatkan pemahaman siswa. Film juga ada keuntungan lebih dibandingkan guru yaitu bisa diputar berulang-ulang. Jika seorang siswa di jelaskan tentang BAB tertentu dengan filem/video satu kali hanya faham 20% maka film tersebut bisa diputar kembali dirumah lima sampai sepuluh kali maka dipastikan pemahaman sisiwa akan bertambah beberapa kali lipat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Badudu, J.s. 1985. Cakrawala Bahasa Indonesia. PT gramedia, Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ibrahim,Idi subandy. 2007.kecerdasan komunikasi seni berkomunikasi kepada publik. Simbiosa Rekatama Media, Bandung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Made Pidarta,1997. Landasan kependidikan “stimulus ilmu pendidikan bercorak Indonesia” PT RINEKA CIPTA, Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jack C. Richards dan willy A. Renandya.2002. Methodology in language teaching.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pendidikan.infogue.com/ketidakseragaman_istilah_di_media_massa_merusak_bahasa_indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Susilo sumowijoyo,gatot.2001. Pos Jaga Bahasa Indonesia. Unipres UNESA, Surabaya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://izaskia.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/pengenalan-media-pembelajaran.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-90699993441575058192012-01-08T22:56:00.000-08:002012-01-08T22:56:30.000-08:00Intensitas Kemunculan Bahasa Kias dalam Penulisan Catatan pada Jejaring Sosial Facebook<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Intensitas Kemunculan Bahasa Kias<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>dalam Penulisan Catatan pada Jejaring Sosial Facebook</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dewasa ini perkembangan teknologi di dunia sangat luar biasa maju, apalagi di bidang tenik telekomunikasi, dalam terkininya kemajuan teknologi ini memiliki sistem yang sangat canggih. Misalnya dalam hal yang berkaitan dengan pencarian informasi atau pemberian informasi. Penggunaan kecanggihan dan fasilitas-fasilitas yang diberikandunia maya bahasa kerennya Internet. Internet yang bisa kita kenal adalah sebuah sitem tang komplek dan hampir tidak ada kekurangan dan mampu menyediakan segala ilmu pengetahuan yang dibutuhkan manusia, karena di dalam internet tersedia situs-situs yang menyediakan segala informasi seperti <i>Google, Yahoo, Bing, </i>dan lain-lain. Kita ambil saja satu, <i>Google</i>, hampir dari semua penghuni bumi mengenal situs ini, dan kebanyakan orang di Indonesia mengidolakannya. Sebut saja “mbah google”, hehe,,. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berbicara mengenai internet selain terdapat situs besar seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas, ada juga jejaring sosial yang memberikan sentuhan baru dan lebih mudah di cerna pengaturannya. Jejaring sosial yang sudah berkembang di Indonesia di masa sekarang ini sangat banyak sekali. Seperti jejaring <i>Facebook, Twitter, Hasser</i>, dan lain-lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Facebook, nama ini bak jamur yang sudah mengakar dan beranak-pinak di lingkungan remaja di Indonesia, namun di waktu sekarang ini facebook tak lagi menjadi konsumsi anak muda melainkan sudah menjamur ke semua umur. Bahkan anak-anak setingkat sekolah dasarpun sudah sangat mengenal facebook. Dan tak jarang anak remaja atau pun orang dewasa kalah akan pengetahuan mereka mengenai facebook ketimbang anak yang setingkat sekolah dasar tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengetahuan-pengetahuan tersebut bisa di bilang penggunaan fasilitas-fasilitas yang di berikan facebook, seperti catatan, koment, penulisan status, dan isian profil, dan dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Internet sebagai pangungkapan kemampuan berbahasa, benarkah statement tersebut, statement tersebut akan dibukti bila kita mengungkap sebuah salah satu fasilitas yang sudah disediakan oleh situs facebook. Misalnya status atau penulisan catatan. Dalam penulisan status terdapat pembatasan jumlah kata jadi kemampuan berbahasa siswa kurang optimal. Namun itu sudah bisa dikatakan bahwa kemampuan bahasa dapat diungkapkan melalui internet. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kemampuan menulis, berbicara mengenai kemampuan berbahasa yang satu ini bila dikaitkan dengan jejaring FB (facebook). Maka akan sangat terlihat di fasilitas pembuatan catatan. Dalam sebuah catatan di FB, sebut saja catatan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/dimesees.v.houten"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Dimesees van Houten</span></i></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> “Sejawat Semasa” (04-09-2011) karya <i>A RadiaCe Afarahah<span> </span><br />
</i>(teman sesama pengguna facebook), terdapat banyak kata-kata yang memiliki makana yang sangat dalam dan memiliki makna kias. Dalam catatan tersebut terdapat beberapa kata atau kalimat yang merupakan sebuah kiasan yang harus diungkap agar isisnya singkron terhadap hidupnya ataupun yang sedang dialaminya dalam kehidupan di sekelilingnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dengan adanya catatan sejawat semasa ini secara tidak langsung membuktikan bahwa seorang dimesees van houten memiliki kemampuan berbahasa menulis, dan dalam kaitannya yaitu menulis kata-kata kiasan atau perumpamaan. Dan biasanya setiap perumpamaan kata tersebut terdapat konjungsi pembanding atau penyetara. Namun adanya juga yang tidak menggunakan konjungsi penyetara dan kode pembanding tersebut. Seperti dan, atau, jika, dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahasa kias dalam bahasa-bahasa<span> </span>indonesia,<span> </span>seperti bahasa-bahasa majas, perumpamaan-perumpamaan memang memang sangat luar biasa indah. Namun dalam penilaian akan ketinggian makna atau kedalam makna yang di kiaskan dalam kata tersebut sangat hubungannya dengan ilmu semantik dan pragmatik. Menurut keraf (2007:136) bahasa kiasan pertama-tama di buat karena adanya persamaan dan perbedaan, misalnya benda satu dengan benda yang lain atau sifat yang satu dengan sifat yang lain ataupun sifat dilambangkan dengan benda atau sebaliknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Intensitas kemunculan bahasa kias yang terdapat dalam catatan sejawat semasa karya dimesees ini memiliki intensitas yang cukup sering karena hampir dari semua kata yang terdapat dalam catatan tersebut merupakan bahasa kias.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Misalnya, dari judulnya pun kita sudah bisa di katakan sebuah kiasan yakni: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span> </span>Sejawat semasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam makna kiasnya kata sejawat semasa. Kata sejawat jika dikembalikan ke makna bahasa kias berarti teman yang seumuran dan sudah memiliki arti yang bagus. Namun, dibandingkan lagi dengan adanya kata semasa yang memiliki arti dalam satu masa, dalam <span> </span>kaitan <span> </span>dengan <span> </span>kehidupan, kata sejawat semasa dikiaskan sebagai teman yang seumuran dan teman yang hidup dalam satu masa. Jadi kata sejawat merupakan kiasan atau perumpamaan dari kata semasa. Meski dengan<span> </span>catatan<span> </span>kedua<span> </span>kata<span> </span>tersebut tidak di pisah dengan konjungsi pembanding, atau penyetara.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila hati tlah terluka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selama itu pula<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kita berduka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Takkan ada lagi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasa tersisa meski<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mulut sampai berbusa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam makna kiasnya yang merupakan sebuah perumpamaan dan perbandingan kalimat “bila hati teluka” di samakan artinya dengan kalimat “selama itu pula kita berduka” makan akan jelas sekali makna perumpamaannya, yakni bila hati terluka diumpamakan sebagai selama itu pula kita berduka. Artinya, selama hati kita telah terluka selama itu pula hati kita berduka. Jadi kalimat bila hati tlah terluka diumpakan atau merupakan kiasan dari selama itu pula kita terluka. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Frase kedua terdapat makna kias namun memiliki konjungsi persyaratan yaitu meski. Dalam frase takkan ada lagi rasa tersisa memiliki perwakilan makna tak ada lagi maaf lagi untukmu dan di bandingkan dengan frase sampai mulut berbusa dan di konjungsikan dengan kata meski maka keduanya frase tersebut adalah sebuah kata perumpamaan persyaratan. Karena kedua frase tersebut memiliki arti yang menunjukan sebuah persyaratan, yaitu meski kamu meminta maaf kepadaku sampai mulutmu berbusa aku tetap tidak akan memaafkanmu. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata meski sampai mulut berbusa merupakan sebuah kata kiasan karena sudah mengkiaskan makna lain yakni meskipun kamu meminta maaf sampai mulutmu mengeluarkan busa atau sangat banyak mengucapkan maaf. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata “mulut berbusa” dalam catatan ini merupakan perumpamaan mengatakan kata maaf sebanyak-banyaknya terhadapku. Jadi pada bait pertama dalam catatan sejawat semasa karya dimesees ini adalah bahasa kias.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aku masih tak bisa menyangka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejawat semasa bisa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jadi tersangka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tak hanya ular yg punya bisa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Namun hanya bertahan dengan satu masa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bait kedua merupakan kiasan dari bait ketiga, dalam bait kedua terdapat kata sejawat semasa yang di samakan dengan tersangka dan ular pada bait ketiga yang hanya bertahan dengan satu masa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dan ketika kita melihat dan membaca bait selanjutnya hingga pada bait terakhir maka akan sangat jelas penggunaan bahasa kiasan yang sangat tinggi, karena memiliki makna perumpamaan yang sangat mendalam dan menyimpan bnyak makna serta semakin banyak pembaca memiliki pengetahuan akan arti makna-makna perumpamaan maka akan semakin kaya juga mkna p[erumpamaan yang terkandung di dalam catatan yang berbentuk puisi ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ku terluka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam luka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yang terluka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lukaku terbuka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lagi dalam luka <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yang terluka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Karena luka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yang terluka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Akibat luka-luka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejawat semasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut peneliti puisi tersebut memilki makna kiasan yang luar biasa tinggi. Hal tersebut tergambar pada bait ke empat dan bait kelima yang memiliki makna perumpamaan layaknya hati yang sudah memiliki luka namun di dalam luka tersebut terdapat luka lama yang terluka lagi gara-gara ulah teman sejawat semasanya. Dan dalam kaitannya dengan bahasa kiasan pada bait ke tiga dan ke empat sangat mendalam dan sangat tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejawat semasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yang tak tahu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Arti lukakah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaki kau<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika kakiku terluka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebenarnya kata-kata kiasan yang yang bisa melambangkan keseluruhan isi puisi tersebut terwakili oleh bait terakhir. Karena pada bait terakhir ini merupakan penjelasan singkat dari bait-bait sebelumnya. Seperti lukakah kaki kau jika kakiku luka, dalam kalimat ini membandingkan dan mengumpamakan apakah hatimu juga luka jika hatiku luka.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selain catatan yang di analisis di atas masih banyak catatan-catatan lainnya, seperti puisi “aku kini” karya Novia Ayu Irma (26-11-2010) juga mengandung banyak bahasa kias seperti kata “hatiku beku”. Kata beku didalam puisi tersebut pengumpamakan keadaaan hati si penulis yang sedang sedih, terdiam, tak dapat dibenahi, dan lain-lain. Dan kata-kata seterusnya pun memiliki makna kiasan yang luar biasa.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari analisis data di atas bisa di simpulkan bahwa<span> </span>intensitas kemunculan bahasa kias di catatan facebook sangat mendominasi, bahkan bisa dibilang 80% kata yang terdapat di setiap catatan merupakan kata kiasan atau perumpamaan. Dengan <span> </span>atau tanpa sadar, disini terbukti bahwa fasilitas catatan di jejaring sosial facebook dapat dijadikan sebuah sarana yang bermanfaat bagi perkembangan dan untuk mengembangkan kemampuan berbahasa Indonesia, khususnya kemampuan <span> </span>menulis, baik dari segi pemakaian bahasa baku, bahasa kiasan, penggunaan tanda baca, penyusunan alur cerita, penokhan setting, dan lain sebagainya. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rujukan: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Keraf, Gorys, 2007. <i>Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa.</i> Jakarta. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span lang="IN"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/doni/My%20Documents/note.php.htm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aku Kini</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span> </span>by : </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000509409682"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Novia Ayu Irma</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span lang="IN"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/doni/My%20Documents/''Sejawat%20Semasa''.htm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sejawat Semasa</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> by: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/dimesees.v.houten"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dimesees van Houten</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-72331176239563767722012-01-08T22:38:00.000-08:002012-01-08T22:38:24.519-08:00Bahasa Indonesia sebagai Identitas Bangsa Indonesia<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0bLNKkzM5dx_aDL71ug-O9odzv3uMO36pQiVYKZquKNOW5AhuAsOjhzdIOw8LBGH0oZ1fmyL6IQOcZbknwCHIhYkW6aYh6YnCccZLaEpfnac9LV3sC0MYlJQTLWnvmgWr5HApN3oZ1-Wl/s1600/pelangi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0bLNKkzM5dx_aDL71ug-O9odzv3uMO36pQiVYKZquKNOW5AhuAsOjhzdIOw8LBGH0oZ1fmyL6IQOcZbknwCHIhYkW6aYh6YnCccZLaEpfnac9LV3sC0MYlJQTLWnvmgWr5HApN3oZ1-Wl/s320/pelangi.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa Indonesia sebagai<span> </span>Identitas Bangsa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh: joko yulianto<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Email: jokoyulianto444@gmail.com<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Abstrak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bahasa Indonesia adalah bahasa resmi untuk Negara Indonesia, sebagai konsekwensi kalau bahasa Indonesia dijadikan bahasa resmi tentu setiap pertemuan resmi, surat-menyurat, dan seluruh buku yang dicetak untuk peroses belajar-mengajar harus memakai bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar. Setiap perubahan sosial pasti di dahului oleh peroses transformasi informasi dan transformasi informasi itu pasti mengunakan bahasa, baik itu bahasa ujar maupun bahasa tulis. Bahasa Indonesia mengajari kita tentang bagaimana kita menulis dengan benar, mengucap dengan benar, dan berbicara/ berpidato dengan baik. Sehingga pada ahirnya nanti bahasa Indonesia akan membentuk karakter tersendiri bagi anak didik. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Idetitas Bangsa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ernst Moritz Arndt mengatakan: "Tak ada elemen terluhur yang dimiliki suatu bangsa selain bahasa." Bahasa merupakan identitas sebuah bangsa. Kata 'identitas' berasal dari bahasa Latin 'idem' artinya 'yang sama'. Identitas tak lain dari ungkapan kesamaan yang menyatakan dan menentukan hidup seseorang di suatu kelompok tertentu yang bersifat sebagai <span> </span>“pembeda antara kelompok satu dengan kelompok yang lainnya, pembeba antar bangsa dan suku”.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;"><br />
Orang Perancis, Inggris atau Brasil memiliki kartu identitas (carte d`identite, identity card, carteira de identidade). Orang Jerman menyebut kartu pengenal dengan 'Ausweis' - kata 'weisen' (menunjukkan) atau 'wissend machen' (memberitahukan). Dari makna semantis istilah ini disimpulkan: Seorang Perancis misalnya pertama-tama melihat dirinya sendiri, sementara seorang Jerman menunjukkan dirinya kepada orang lain, kemudian dengan bantuan orang lain ia menyatakan dirinya sendiri. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disini bahasa berfungsi untuk menguak perbedaan tataran pemahaman identitas.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;"><br />
Lazimnya identitas merupakan suatu pemberian. Kita tidak bisa memilah-milah untuk menjadi orang Indonesia, orang rusia, orang eropa maupun orang afrika. Persoalan dimana kita dilahirkan itu adalah kehendak tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Kita tidak bisa memesan orangtua dan leluhur kita dari tokoh atau internet. Statement, pernyataan untuk meminta/menagih pengakuan akan identitas akan membuat kita terombang-ambing tanpa arah seperti sumbat botol di laut lepas. identitas suatu kelompok, Negara, suku hanya bisa di tunjukkan oleh masyarakatnya sendiri. Pengakuan ini juga merupakan pertarungan internal yang harus dilakukan setiap orang, lebih berat lagi oleh mereka yang leluhurnya berasal dari konteks budaya yang berbeda atau yang telah tercerabut dari akar budayanya sendiri.</span> <span style="background: white;"><br />
Banyak anak adopsi di Eropa dari belahan dunia lain tidak lagi menyadari akarnya. Mereka mengalami krisis identitas dan mengais identitas tiruan terutama yang belakangan ini dipasarkan oleh falsafah identitas majemuk.</span> <span style="background: white;"><br />
Termasuk dalam identitas selain pengakuan terhadap diri sendiri, kesadaran diri sebagai individu, insan tak terbagikan, juga afirmasi keanggotaan suatu kebersamaan atau bangsa. Kita mengidentifikasikan diri dengan bangsa kita; kita satu dengannya dan kembali menemukan diri dalam bangsa kita. Identifikasi merupakan fusi sadar setiap individu dalam suatu kebersamaan senasib atau seasal. Simbol-simbol identitas nasional seperti bendera merah-putih, Garuda Pancasila, Lagu Indonesia Raya, kesebelasan nasional, tim bulutangkis nasional, dan sebagainya membantu kita untuk mempererat dan menegaskan identitas bersama yang telah dimatangkan sejarah.</span> <span style="background: white;">Bagi bangsa Indonesia salah satu warisan historis dan hakiki untuk identitas bersama yakni bahasa Indonesia yang dicetuskan generasi pemuda 1928. Sumpah pemuda 1928 di tengah trik politik penjajah 'Divide et impera' (pecah-belah dan jajah!) merupakan 'blessing in disguise' (rahmat dalam ketidakpastian) bagi penghuni nusantara.</span> <span style="background: white;"><br />
Friedrich Schiller mengatakan: "Bahasa adalah cermin suatu bangsa. Jika kita bercermin, maka terpantul wajah kita - diri kita sendiri." Di hadapan bahasa sebagai cermin bangsa, kita merefleksikan pertanyaan ironis rekanku tadi. Forum formal-internasional mengizinkan seorang kepala negara atau pemerintahan berpidato dalam bahasa nasionalnya, terlepas dari kefasihannya berbahasa asing. Yang hendak ditonjolkan di sana adalah identitas nasional, bukan agama atau sukunya.</span> <span style="background: white;"><br />
Selama ini cukup getol digunjingkan bahaya invasi bahasa Inggris sebagai pisau pergaulan internasional yang tak terelakkan. Dalam konteks ancaman terhadap eksistensi dan ketahanan bahasa Indonesia, ada juga bahaya lain: Rambatan bahasa Arab yang tak teredamkan lewat jalur saleh dan suci, yang begitu pongah menggeser bahasa Indonesia. Sayangnya, media massa sebagai forum pendidikan bangsa mempermudah ekspansi liar dimaksud. Sementara itu dewan bahasa nasional membisu karena takut terjerumus dalam isu agama yang sensitif. "Siapa yang tidak melawan, dia hidup tidak benar" - demikian slogan gerakan kebudayaan di Jerman 1968.</span> <span style="background: white;"><br />
Momentum 80 tahun sumpah pemuda dengan salah satu klaim kesatuan bahasa yakni bahasa Indonesia, bukan sekadar ritus tahunan tanpa makna. Kesadaran mencintai dan menggunakan bahasa Indonesia merupakan bagian esensial dari identitas dan integritas nasional. Kita wajib merawat dan menyiangi taman bahasa nasional. Jika bahasa nasional perlahan-lahan digeser, maka kita berada di jalur penyangkalan jati diri dan keutuhan sebagai bangsa Indonesia. Kita ditagih untuk mengadakan tekad, kiat politik dan afirmasi kolektif terhadap bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa nasional; semacam 'sumpah pemuda baru'. Inilah jawaban yang tepat atas warisan luhur generasi 1928.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menjaga Identitas Bahasa Melalui Media Massa</span></b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Media massa cetak maupun elektronik setiap hari, setiap saat di dengar, dilihat dan dibaca oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Umumnya setiap media massa mengunakan sarana bahasa Indonesia. Oleh karena itu media massa memiliki fungsi strategis dalam upaya pembinaan bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Media massa, baik itu media cetak maupun media elektronik memiliki jangkauan yang sangat luas. Negara kita wilayahnya luas sekali dan juga memiliki ribuan pulau, hal ini tentunya membutuhkan alat komunikasi yang dapat menjangkau semua wilayah itu. Masyarakat yang tersebar luas itu pasti memiliki minat yang berbeda-beda dalam hal mengakses informasi. Ada orang yang lebih snang menonton TV, ada yang lebih suka mendengarkan radio dan banyak juga yang suka membaca surat kabar, terutamanya kalangan menegah keatas. Dengan demikian masyarakat Indonesia yag tersebar luas dari sabang sampai merauke, dari jawa sampai Kalimantan merupakan konsumen media massa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Media massa selama ini dijadikan konsumsi sehari-hari oleh sebagin besar masyarakat Indonesia. Oleh karena itu menempatkan media massa sebagai alat untuk membina dan menjaga bahasa Indonesia adalah suatu hal yang tepat. Jika bahasa Indonesia yang digunakan adalah bahasa Indonesia yang benar, ini berarti secara tidak langsung masyarakat telah diarahkan untuk mengunakan bahasa yang benar pula. Bahasa yang digunakan dalam media massa sangat mempengaruhi kebiasaan berbahasa para pembaca media massa tersebut. Jika bahasa Indonesia yang digunakan dalam media massa itu tidak sesuai dengan kaidah bahasa, maka hal ini akan merusak penggunaan bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjaga Idntitas Bahasa melalui Pendidikan dan Kegiatan Kenegaraan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejalan dengan berlakunya undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1999 tentang Otonomi Daerah, Sebagian masyarakat menuntut pengutamaan penggunaan badasa daerah untuk menjaga eksistensi bahasa daerah masing-masing. Walaupun begitu tuntutan agar bahasa daerah digunakan untuk komunikasi baik dalam situasi formal dan nonformal mengalami banyak kendala. Kendala itu berkaitan dengan kedudukan dan fungsi bahasa Indonesia. Pada bagian ini akan dipaparkan tuntutan pengutamaan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia dalam kedudukannya sebagai bahasa nasional dan sebagai bahasa Negara. Yang dimaksud dengan kedudukan bahasa Indonesia adalah status bahasa Indonesia sebagai system lambang nilai budaya yang dirumuskan atas dasar nilai social. Yang dimaksud dengan fungsi bahasa Indonesia adalah peran bahasa Indonesia pada masyarakat Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan sumpah pemuda, bahasa Indonesia mempunyai kedudukan sebagai bahasa nasional.sesuai dengan kedudukannya sebagai bahasa nasional, bahasa Indonesia mempunyai fungsi (a) lambang kebanggaan kebangsaan, (b) lambing identitas nasional, (c) alat komunikasi antar warga, antardaerah dan antarbudaya, (d) alat yang memungkinkan sebagai pemersatu berbagai suku bangsa dengan latar belakang sosial budaya dan bahasanya masing-masing kedalam kesatuan kebangsaan Indonesia. Di samping berkedudukan sebagai bahasa nasional, bahasa Indonesia juga berkedudukan sebagai bahasa Negara seperti yang tercantum dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 pasal 36. Dalam kedudukanya sebagai bahasa Negara, bahasa Indonesia mempunyai fungsi (a) bahasa resmi kenegaraan, (b) bahasa pengantar dalam dunia pendidikan, (c) alat perhubungan pada tingkat nasional untuk kepentingan perencanaan pembagunan, (d) alat pengembangan kebudayaan, ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi (Arifin dan Tasai, 2002:10).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam kedudukannya sebagai bahasa Negara, bahasa Indonesia masih mempunyai kedudukan yang kokoh atau tidak mengalami gangguan yang berarti. Fungsi bahasa Indonesia masih berjalan dengan baik, meskipun ada sedikit kendala karena masih ada warga Indonesia yang belum mampu berbahasa Indonesia. Tetapi jumlahnya tidak banyak, terutama orang-orang yang berada di pedalaman saja yang belum mampu berbahasa Indonesia. Bagaimana bahasa Indonesia menyikapi perkembangan zaman di er globalisasi ini yang ditandai dengan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang berdampak pada pengunaan bahasa asing (inggris)? Bahasa Indonesia mau tidak mau harus membuka diri terhadap perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Oleh karena itu, kosakata dalam bahasa ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi diserap kedalam bahasa Indonesia. Penyerapan kosakata bahasa inggris ini tentu akan memperkaya perbendaharaan kosakata bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat ini di lingkungan sekolah juga sedang gencar-gencarnya menggunakan bahasa asing terutama bahasa inggris. Bahasa inggris mulai marak digunakan di sekolah-sekolah berstandar internasional sebagai bahasa pengantar pendidikan. Usaha pembinaan melalui pengajaran bahasa Indonesia melalui system persekolahan dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan bahasa sebagai satu keseluruhan berdasarkan konteks pemakaian yang ditujukan untuk peningkatan mutu penguasaan dan pemakaian bahasa yang baik dengan tidak mengabaikan adanya berbagai ragam bahasa Indonesia yang hidup dalam masyarakat. Peningkatan mutu pendidikan bahasa dapat dilakukan dengan melalui kegiatan sebagai berikut: 1) pengembangan kurikulum bahasa Indonesia, 2) pengembangan bahan ajar yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa dan perkembangan metodologi pengajaran bahasa, 3) pengembangan tenaga kependidikan kebahasaan yang professional dan 4) pengembangan sarana pendidikan bahasa yang memedahi, terutama sarana uji kemahiran bahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usaha pembinaan dapat pula dilakukan melalui pemasyarakatan bahasa Indonesia . pemasyarakatan bahasa Indonesia ini dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan sikap positif masyarakat terhadap bahasa Indonesia dan meningkatkan mutu penggunaanya. Pemasyarakatan bahasa Indonesia ini juga harus menjangkau kelompok yang belum bisa berbahasa Indonesia agar berperan aktif dalam upaya pembinaan dan pengembangan bahasa secara berkesinambungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penutup<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Indonesia digunakan sebagai sarana dalam kegiatan setiap masyarakat Indonesia,seperti dalam bidang kebudayaan, ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Seni, budaya, ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi berkembang pesat seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, perkembangan itu juga berdampak pada perkembangan bahasa. Perkembangan seni, budaya, ilmu penegtahuan dan tehnologi tidak lepas dari kemajuan tehnologi yang semakin memudahkan masyarakat untuk mengakses informasi yang dibutuhkan terutama media baik itu media cetak maupun media elektronik. Media massa sekarang sudah menjadi bagian dari kehidupan manusia, bahkan hampir setiap hari masyarakat Indonesia terutama yang tinggal di jawa dan Sumatra selalu mengkonsumsi media massa baik itu untuk mencari berita maupun untuk mencari hiburan. Oleh karena itu menempatkan media massa sebagai alat untuk membina dan menjaga bahasa Indonesia adalah suatu hal yang tepat. Jika bahasa Indonesia yang digunakan adalah bahasa Indonesia yang benar, ini berarti secara tidak langsung masyarakat telah diarahkan untuk mengunakan bahasa yang benar pula.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Di dalam hasil rumusan Seminar Politik Bahasa Nasional disebutkan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan pembinaan bahasa adalah upaya untuk meningkatkan mutu pemakaian bahasa. Usaha pembinaan ini menyangkup upaya meningkatkan sikap, pengetahuan, dan ketrampilan berbahasa. Usaha pembinaan melalui pengajaran bahasa Indonesia melalui sistem persekolahan dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan bahasa sebagai satu keseluruhan berdasarkan konteks pemakaian yang ditujukan untuk meningkatkan mutu penguasaan sehingga mampu berbicara, menulis dan membaca dengan baik tanpa mengabaikan beragam bahasa yang ada di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alwi, Hasan dan Dendy Sugono (editor). 2003. Politik Bahasa (risalah seminar politik bahasa). Jakarta: depdiknas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arifin, zaenal dan S. Amran Tasai. 2002. Cermat Berbahasa Indonesia untuk Perguruan Tinggi. Jakarta: Akademika Pressindo.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Moeliono, Anton. 1981. Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Ancangan Alternatif di Dalam perencanaan bahasa. Jakarta: Djambatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rusyana, Yus. 1984. Bahasa dan Sastra dalam Gamitan Pendidikan. Bandung: CV Diponegoro<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://mudjiarahardjo.com/artikel/276-mengembalikan-bahasa-sebagai-politik-identitas.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://mudjiarahardjo.com/artikel/276-mengembalikan-bahasa-sebagai-politik-identitas.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://wisatadanbudaya.blogspot.com/2009/09/bahasa-indonesia-sebagai-identitas-dan.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://wisatadanbudaya.blogspot.com/2009/09/bahasa-indonesia-sebagai-identitas-dan.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://id.shvoong.com/social-sciences/1686891-bahasa-dan-sastra-sebagai-identiti/"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.shvoong.com/social-sciences/1686891-bahasa-dan-sastra-sebagai-identiti/</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-76500485267249529342011-11-29T18:43:00.000-08:002011-11-29T18:43:48.031-08:00PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKSDNhjT7NFU4PiAbqWxTwMvtPlgWffcp3l-prqD5AuzlV8aSp-iaOC1g0zZi0v0pUB4j4hROnWPlzpRZYBgaa27_3POGUyLD1vEVTvRo7kPaQT-ouVSEParXCzuKjcqfXy_vXsKgddULe/s1600/joko+kris.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKSDNhjT7NFU4PiAbqWxTwMvtPlgWffcp3l-prqD5AuzlV8aSp-iaOC1g0zZi0v0pUB4j4hROnWPlzpRZYBgaa27_3POGUyLD1vEVTvRo7kPaQT-ouVSEParXCzuKjcqfXy_vXsKgddULe/s320/joko+kris.png" width="242" /></a></div><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pandangan awal dari: joko yulianto<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara etimologi istilah pendidikan multikultural terdiri dari dua ter m, yaitu pendidikan dan multikultural. Sedangkan secara terminologi, pendidikan multikultural berarti proses pengembangan seluruh potensi manusia yang menghargai pluralitas dan heterogenitasnya sebagai konsekwensi keragaman budaya, etnis, suku dan aliran (agama). Dengan demikian, pendidikan multikultural menghendaki penghormatan dan penghargaan setinggi-tingginya terhadap harkat dan martabat manusia. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manusia dan pendidikan adalah dua hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. Keberhasilan pendidikan dengan mengabaikan ideologi, nilai-nilai, budaya, kepercayaan dan agama yang dianut masing-masing suku dan etnis harus dibayar mahal dengan terjadinya berbagai gejolak dan pertentangan antar etnik dan suku karena mereka masih belum menerima kalau Negara kita terdiri dari multi etnis dan multikultur, Sementara menurut pendidikan multikultural adalah pendidikan yang senantiasa menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai keyakinan, heterogenitas, pluralitas agama apapun aspeknya dalam masyarakat, artinya pendidikan multikutural harus menempatkan nilai-nilai keyakinan sebagai pedoman untuk melakukan tindakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan multikultural menentang pendidikan yang hanya berorientasi bisnis,atau kepentingan peribadi. Pendidikan yang diharapkan oleh bangsa Indonesia sebenarnya bukanlah pendidikan ketrampilan semata, melainkan pendidikan yang harus mengakomodir semua jenis kecerdasan, yang sering disebut kecerdasan ganda (multiple intelligence). Karena menurut penelitian keberhasilan seseorang itu sebagian besar dipengaruhi oleh kecerdasan emosional, walaupun kecerdasa spiritual dan<span> </span>kecerdasa otak (IQ) juga mempengaruhi keberhasilan seseorang. Menurut pendapat Daniel goleman tentang keberhasilan seseorang dimasyarakat ternyata 80% dipengaruhi oleh kecerdasan emosional dan hanya 20% yang ditentukan oleh kecerdasan otak (IQ). Lalu yang jadi pertanyaanya apakah konsep pendidikan multikultural mampu mengantarkan anak didiknya mencapai kesuksesan? Maka jawabanya adalah tergantung sejauh mana konsep pendidikan multikultural itu mampu mempengruhi kecerdasan emosional pada anak didiknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-55649773984233544002011-11-29T18:35:00.000-08:002011-11-29T18:35:52.881-08:00GURU PROFESIONAL<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB21oEYEgHUqDXV9_9RVzR1hO7wShrnEo6VsPc5wX409V916iAvvg9667gahy9oHNoYt3M7xNIIUBVyNcM0cXdNu5hiCzun49mepq-DLvpHlqLI9O6yL7X7DAs4TVAs0_t0mMnEZKrwIKM/s1600/joko+kris.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB21oEYEgHUqDXV9_9RVzR1hO7wShrnEo6VsPc5wX409V916iAvvg9667gahy9oHNoYt3M7xNIIUBVyNcM0cXdNu5hiCzun49mepq-DLvpHlqLI9O6yL7X7DAs4TVAs0_t0mMnEZKrwIKM/s320/joko+kris.png" width="242" /></a></div><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">GURU PROFESIONAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Oleh: joko yulianto<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam manajemen sumber daya manusia, menjadi profesional adalah tuntutan jabatan, pekerjaan ataupun profesi. Ada satu hal penting yang menjadi aspek bagi sebuah profesi, yaitu sikap profesional dan kualitas kerja. Profesional (dari bahasa Inggris) berarti ahli, pakar, mumpuni dalam bidang yang digeluti.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menjadi profesional, berarti menjadi ahli dalam bidangnya. Dan seorang ahli, tentunya berkualitas dalam melaksanakan pekerjaannya. Akan tetapi tidak semua Ahli dapat menjadi berkualitas. Karena menjadi berkualitas bukan hanya persoalan ahli, tetapi juga menyangkut persoalan integritas dan personaliti. Dalam perspektif pengembangan sumber daya manusia, menjadi profesional adalah satu kesatuan antara konsep personaliti dan integritas yang dipadupadankan dengan skil atau keahliannya. Guru adalah operator sebuah kurikulum pendidikan.Ujung tombak pejuang pengentas kebodohan. Bahkan guru adalah mata rantai dan pilar peradaban dan benang merah bagi proses perubahan dan kemajuan suatu masyarakat atau bangsa.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menjadi guru mungkin semua orang bisa. Tetapi menjadi guru yang memiliki keahlian dalam mendidikan atau mengajar perlu pendidikan, pelatihan dan jam terbang yang memadai. Dalam kontek diatas, untuk menjadi guru seperti yang dimaksud standar minimal yang harus dimiliki adalah:</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 1. Memiliki kemampuan intelektual yang memadai. 2. Memiliki kemampuan untuk memahami visi dan misi pendidikan.</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">3.</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Memiliki keahlian untuk mentrasfer ilmu pengetahuan atau metodelogi pembelajaran.</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">4. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Memahami konsep perkembangan psikologi anak. 5. Mampu mengorganisir dan dan mengatasi setiap persoalan peserta didik dengan baik. 6. Kreatif dan memiliki seni dalam mendidik</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-54103260535145142722011-11-29T18:29:00.000-08:002011-11-29T18:29:06.395-08:00KONSTRIBUSI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INDONESIA PADA PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER BANGSA<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KONSTRIBUSI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INDONESIA PADA PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER BANGSA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Oleh: Joko yulianto</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abstrak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa Indonesia adalah bahasa resmi untuk Negara Indonesia, sebagai konsekwensi kalau bahasa Indonesia dijadikan bahasa resmi tentu setiap pertemuan resmi, surat-menyurat, dan seluruh buku yang dicetak untuk peroses belajar-mengajar harus memakai bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar. Setiap perubahan sosial pasti di dahului oleh peroses transformasi informasi dan transformasi informasi itu pasti mengunakan bahasa, baik itu bahasa ujar maupun bahasa tulis. Bahasa Indonesia mengajari kita tentang bagaimana kita menulis dengan benar, mengucap dengan benar, dan berbicara/ berpidato dengan baik. Sehingga pada ahirnya nanti bahasa Indonesia akan membentuk karakter tersendiri bagi anak didik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia memerlukan sumber daya manusia dalam jumlah dan mutu yang memadai sebagai pendukung utama dalam pembangunan. Untuk memenuhi sumberdaya manusia tersebut, pendidikan memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam mengembangkan sumber daya manusia tersebut, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 22.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, menyebutkan bahwa pendidikan nasional berfungsi mengembangkan kemampuan dan membentuk karakter serta peradaban bangsa yang bermartabat dalam rangka mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa. Pendidikan nasional bertujuan untuk berkembangnya potensi peserta didik agar menjadi manusia yang beriman dan bertakwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, berakhlak mulia, sehat, berilmu, cakap, kreatif, mandiri, dan menjadi warga negara yang demokratis serta bertanggung jawab.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan fungsi dan tujuan pendidikan nasional, jelas bahwa pendidikan di setiap jenjang, SMA, SMP sampai SD harus diselenggarakan secara sistematis guna mencapai tujuan tersebut. Hal tersebut berkaitan dengan pembentukan karakter peserta didik sehingga mampu bersaing, beretika, bermoral, sopan santun dan berinteraksi dengan masyarakat. kesuksesan seseorang tidak ditentukan semata-mata oleh pengetahuan dan kemampuan teknis</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(hard skill)</i> <span style="background: white;">saja, tetapi lebih oleh kemampuan mengelola diri dan orang lain</span> <i>(soft skill)</i><span style="background: white;">. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan, kesuksesan hanya ditentukan sekitar 20 persen oleh</span> <i>hard skill</i> <span style="background: white;">dan sisanya 80 persen oleh</span><i>soft skill</i><span style="background: white;">. Bahkan orang-orang tersukses di dunia bisa berhasil dikarenakan lebih banyak didukung kemampuan</span> <i>soft skill</i> <span style="background: white;">daripada</span> <i>hard skill</i><span style="background: white;">. Hal ini mengisyaratkan bahwa mutu pendidikan karakter peserta didik sangat penting untuk ditingkatkan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 22.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karakter merupakan nilai-nilai perilaku manusia yang berhubungan dengan Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, diri sendiri, sesama manusia, lingkungan, dan kebangsaan yang terwujud dalam pikiran, sikap, perasaan, perkataan, dan perbuatan berdasarkan norma-norma agama, hukum, tata krama, budaya, dan adat istiadat. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 22.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan karakter adalah suatu sistem penanaman nilai-nilai karakter kepada warga sekolah yang meliputi komponen pengetahuan, kesadaran atau kemauan, dan tindakan untuk melaksanakan nilai-nilai tersebut, baik terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa (YME), diri sendiri, sesama, lingkungan, maupun kebangsaan sehingga menjadi manusia insan kamil. Dalam pendidikan karakter di sekolah, semua komponen (</span><i><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">stakeholders</span></i><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) harus dilibatkan, termasuk komponen-komponen pendidikan itu sendiri, yaitu isi kurikulum, proses pembelajaran dan penilaian, kualitas hubungan, penanganan atau pengelolaan mata pelajaran, pengelolaan sekolah, pelaksanaan aktivitas atau kegiatan ko-kurikuler, pemberdayaan sarana prasarana, pembiayaan, dan ethos kerja seluruh warga dan lingkungan sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan karakter dapat diintegrasikan dalam pembelajaran pada setiap mata pelajaran. Materi pembelajaran yang berkaitan dengan norma atau nilai-nilai pada setiap mata pelajaran perlu dikembangkan, dieksplisitkan, dikaitkan dengan konteks kehidupan sehari-hari. Dengan demikian, pembelajaran nilai-nilai karakter tidak hanya pada tataran kognitif, tetapi menyentuh pada internalisasi, dan pengamalan nyata dalam kehidupan peserta didik sehari-hari di masyarakat. Lalu bagaimana dengan pendidikan bahasa Indonesia, apakah mampu mengubah karakter masyarakat Indonesia atau tidak? Bahasa itu adalah hal yang sangat fital dalam mengubah setiap masyarakat umum maupun pribadi, karena awal dari penyebab suatu perubahan itu pasti karena hubungan komunikasi antar indifidu atau kelompok, dan komunikasi itu adalah bahasa, tentu bahasa itu adalah hal yang sangat penting dalam perubahan.<i><span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran bahasa Indonesia sebagai pembentuk karakter bangsa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span>Menurut<span> </span>Yulianto (2007), prinsip pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia secara umum adalah: 1.<span> </span>pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia harus diarahkan untuk lebih banyak memberikan porsi kepada pelatihan berbahasa yang nyata, 2) tata bahasa diajarkan hanya untuk memberikan kesalahan ujar siswa, 3) keterampilan berbahasa nyata menjadi tujuan utama, 4) membaca sebagai alat untuk belajar, 5) menulis dan berbicara sebagai alat berekspresi dan menyampaikan gagasan, 6) kelas menjadi tempat berlatih menulis, membaca, dan berbicara dalam bahasa Indonesia 7) penekanan pengajaran sastra pada membaca sebanyak-banyaknya sastra Indonesia, 8) pengajaran kosa kata diarahkan untuk menambah kosa kata siswa.<span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">Berdasarkan hal itu, nampak bahwa pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia adalah banyak berlatih di kelas dengan menggunakan bahasa yang sesuai dengan situasi, baik yang nyata ”senyatanya’ melalui diskusi maupun yang nyata ”tidak senyatanya” melalui kegiatan bermain peran.<span> </span>Melalui diskusi dan bermain peran dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia, siswa dapat melakukan olah rasa, olah batin, dan olah budi secara intens sehingga secara tidak langsung siswa memiliki perilaku dan kebiasaan positif melalui proses apresiasi dan berkreasi melalui karya sastra.<span> </span>Melalui karya sastra, siswa juga akan mendapatkan pengalaman baru dan unik yang belum tentu bisa mereka dapatkan dalam kehidupan nyata.<span> </span>Melalui karya sastra siswa bisa belajar dan bergaul secara langsung tentang berbagai karakter mulia.<span> </span>Cara orang-orang tua kita dahulu menanamkan nilai-nilai luhur melalui dongeng tentang tokoh-tokoh yang memiliki karakter kuat mampu terserap ke dalam alam logika dan hati nurani anak hingga terbawa sampai dewasa. Sikap toleran, moderat, rendah hati, kreatif, empati, dan nilai-nilai budi pekerti lainnya sangat kuat mengakar ke dalam memori anak dan diaplikasikanke dalam kehidupannya sehari-hari.<span> </span>Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa melalui pendidikan bahasa Indonesia kita dapat membentuk karakter bangsa. <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari segi fungsinya bahasa Indonesia dapat di bagi menjadi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebagai bahasa tulis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa yang ilmiah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa yang ilmiah sangat memepengaruhi kemampuan bahasa masyarakat Indonesia, karena karya ilmiah itu digunakan untuk penulisan laporan penelitian, menuliskan ide, menulis buku dan lainnya. Dan itusemua adalah model-model tulisan yang dibahas dan di pelajari oleh siswa-siswa seluruh Indonesia. Tentu ketika bahasa Indonesia dipakai untuk menulis laporan ilmiah dan sebagai konsumsi keseharian tentu akan mempengaruhi kebahasaan dan gaya tulisan masyarakat tersebut. bahasa ilmiah mementingkan bahasa tulisan untuk merekam, menuis dan melaporkan penelitian di bidang ilmu dan teknologi, dan untuk komunikasi ilmiah pada umunya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa media masa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sudah di singgung di depan, bahwa bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa nasional mempunyai fungsi utama sebagai alat pemersatu. Disamping itu bagi kita, bahasa Indonesia merupakan penanda identitas dan karakter suatu bangsa. Siaran media masa yang semakin maju mulai dari media cetak sampai ke media elektronik memiliki pengaruh yang sangat besarbagi kemajuan bangsa serta dapat mempengaruhi karakter dan sikap masyarakat Indonesia. Dari segi positif media dapat: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan informasi tentang berbagai peristiwa dan situasi baik dalam negri maupun luar negri.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyebarkan ilmu pengetahuan, mendoktrin secara tidak langsung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berperan untuk membimbing masyarakat(contoh tips memelihara esehatan, trik dan tip berbisnis dan tips bercocok tanam yang baik) dan yang terahir<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai sarana hiburan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>(peran bahasa dalam pengembangan wawasan budaya) bahasa indonesia di Negara ini memiliki multifungsi,. Ia diakui sebagai bahasa Negara, sebagai bahasa kebangsaan, bahasa resmi dan juga sebagai bahasa kebudayaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span style="color: #666666;">Dalam fungsinya sebagai media <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">pendidikan</span></strong><b>, </b><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">media massa</span></strong> berkewajiban memasyarakatkan <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">bahasa Indonesia</span></strong>. Media harus menjadi teladan dan pelopor dalam penggunaan <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">bahasa Indonesia</span></strong> yang baik dan benar. Namun, dalam praktiknya, banyak yang mengingkari. Tidak semua media cetak punya acuan dalam pembakuan kosa kata dan <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">istilah</span></strong>. Ketidakseragaman <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">istilah</span></strong> dapat <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">merusak</span></strong><b> </b><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">bahasa Indonesia</span></strong><b>.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #666666; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencermati data Biro Pusat Statistik (2005), penduduk usia 15-24 tahun sebanyak 40,224 juta, membuat pengelola <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">media massa</span></strong> menjadikan remaja/pemuda sebagai target pembaca dan konsumen iklan. Untuk memikat mereka, bahasa yang digunakan disesuaikan dengan dunia mereka. C enderung menjauh dari <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">bahasa Indonesia</span></strong> baku. Misalnya <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">istilah</span></strong>, ungkapan, kata yang digunakan pasti yang sedang ngetren , katanya. Jadi, ada kesengajaan untuk menggunakan bahasa yang tidak baku agar sesuai dengan target pembaca muda.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #666666; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Posisi bahasa pers harus berinduk dan merujuk pada <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">bahasa Indonesia</span></strong> standar/baku. Ia juga guru bahasa bagi masyarakat. Pelopor penyerapan bahasa asing dan daerah serta pembakuannya ke dalam <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">bahasa Indonesia</span></strong>. "Namun, bahasa pers juga bisa sebag ai perusak <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">bahasa Indonesia</span></strong><b>,</b> karena keliaran pengingkarannya terhadap sistem pembakuan <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">bahasa Indonesia</span></strong>," katanya.<br />
Ahmadun sempat menampilkan sejumlah kata, yang di banyak media masih belum seragam memakainya. Bahkan, kesalahan yang terjadi jumlahnya jutaan. Seperti kata salat dipakai 270.000 kali, shalat (1.380.000), sholat (1.139.000). Ustaz (2.470.000), ustad (3.110.000), dan kata ustadz (681.000). Wudu (9.340), wudlu (59.300), wudhu (151.000). Kata gender (924.000) dan jender (76.000). Obyek (1.840.000), objek (1.890.000), obyektif (290.000), objektif (432.000). Iven (290.000), even (6.650.000) dan kata event digunakan 6.650.000 kali.<br />
kalau media massa memakai bahasa yang tidak sesuai dengan tatanan bahasa seperti ini dan tulisannya dikonsumsi oleh khalayak ramai lalu bagaimana kondisi kemampuan anak didik kita?. <br />
Menurut Ahmadun, terjadinya perbedaan penggunaan kata itu karena perbedaan pedoman pembentukan <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">istilah</span></strong> atau penyerapan bahasa asing Pusat Bahasa dan kalangan pers. Perbedaan cita rasa yang hendak dilekatkan pada <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">istilah</span></strong> asing yang diserap ke dalam <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">bahasa Indonesia</span></strong>. Anggapan dari kalangan pers bahwa pusat bahasa lamban dalam menyerap dan membakukan bahasa asing ke <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">bahasa Indonesia</span></strong>, sehingga kalangan pers melakukan pembakuan secepatnya dengan cara masing-masing yang berbeda.<br />
"Sedang Roy Suryo mengkhawatirkan bahasa tulis di telepon selular (SMS, EMS, MMN, 3G), yang penggunanya di Indonesia mencapai 116 juta. Telepon selular luar biasa <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">merusak</span></strong><b> </b><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">bahasa Indonesia</span></strong>. Begitu juga pengguna internet, juga banyak yang <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">merusak</span></strong> bahasa," katanya.<br />
<br />
Kepala Pusat Bahasa Depdiknas Dendy Sugono mengatakan, sebenarnya pembakuan <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">istilah</span></strong> dan pengindonesiaan kata dan ungkapan asing sudah lama dilakukan oleh Pusat Bahasa, namun kalangan pers jarang menggunakannya.<br />
<br />
"Ada 405.000 kata dan ungkapan asing dalam berbagai bidang ilmu yang sudah dibakukan dan ada 182.000 dalam proses penyelarasan. Walaupun telah dilakukan pengembangan per <strong><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">istilah</span></i></strong>an, masyarakat masih merasakan banyak kata bahasa asing yang belum memiliki padanan dalam <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">bahasa Indonesia</span></strong>, terutama kata umum yang banyak digunakan dalam komunikasi bidang teknologi dan perniagaan," jelasnya.<br />
<br />
Menurut Dendy, sejalan dengan laju perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, pemanfaatan bahasa asing, khususnya bahasa Inggris, untuk memperkaya <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">bahasa Indonesia</span></strong>, tetap diperlukan sebagai sumber kata dan ungkapan yang emuat konsep baru. Namun, penyerapan kata asing yang sudah ada padanannya dalam <strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">bahasa Indonesia</span></strong> sebaiknya dihindari. Untuk menopang upaya tersebut, Pusat Bahasa pata tahun 1995 telah menerbitkan buku Pedoman Pengindonesiaan Nama dan Kata Asing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa seni<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai bahasa kebudayaan, bahasa Indonesia berfungsi di bidang kesenian, ilmu dan teknologi. Dalam bidang seni, yang utama tentu saja adalah seni sastra yang didalaamnya dapat kita masukkan prosa, puisi dan drama. Dalam lingkup drama bisa juga kita masukkan filem dan seni pedalangan.dapat pula kita masukkan sebagai seni suara/vocal. Bahasa yang tidak mengenal kesusastraan dinilai sebagai bahasa yang belum maju dan tidak bernilai tinggi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Indonesia sebagai alat komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi utama dari bahasa adalah sebagai alat komunikasi </span>komunikasi ialah penyampaian pesan atau makna oleh seseorang kepada orang lain. Keterikatan dan keterkaitan bahasa dengan manusia menyebabkan bahasa tidak tetap dan selalu berubah seiring perubahan kegaiatan manusia dalam kehidupannya di masyarakat. Perubahan bahasa dapat terjadi bukan hanya berupa pengembangan dan perluasan, melainkan berupa kemunduran sejalan dengan perubahan yang dialami masyarakat. Fungsi Bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi bisa di bedakan menjadi :</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk mentranformasi ilmu-ilmu pengetahuan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span class="apple-style-span">Kini bahasa Indonesia selain dgunakan sebagai bahasa komunikasi sehari-hari oleh masyarakat indonesia baik dalam hal formal maupun non formal, bahasa Indonesia juga digunakan sebagai bahasa pengantar dalam kajian-kajian ilmiah di bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Banyak bahasa-bahasa ilmiah yang kemudian diserap dan di bahasa Indonesia-kan dengan tujuan bahasa Indonesia dapat diterima oleh masyarakat Indonesia sendiri sebagai media transfomasi ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi demi terwujudya cita-cita Negara untuk mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk berkomunikasi pada masyarakat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "lucida grande","serif";">Sebagai alat komunikasi, bahasa merupakan saluran perumusan maksud kita, melahirkan perasaan kita dan memungkinkan kita menciptakan kerja sama dengan sesama warga. Ia mengatur berbagai macam aktivitas kemasyarakatan, merencanakan dan mengarahkan masa depan kita (Gorys Keraf, 1997 : 4). Komunikasi merupakan akibat yang lebih jauh dari ekspresi diri. Komunikasi tidak akan sempurna bila ekspresi diri kita tidak diterima atau dipahami oleh orang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "lucida grande","serif";">Pada saat kita menggunakan bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi, kita sudah memiliki tujuan tertentu. Kita ingin dipahami oleh orang lain. Kita ingin menyampaikan gagasan dan pemikiran yang dapat diterima oleh orang lain. Kita ingin membuat orang lain yakin terhadap pandangan kita. Kita ingin mempengaruhi orang lain. Lebih jauh lagi, kita ingin orang lain membeli atau menanggapi hasil pemikiran kita. Jadi, dalam hal ini pembaca atau pendengar atau khalayak sasaran menjadi perhatian utama kita. Kita menggunakan bahasa dengan memperhatikan kepentingan dan kebutuhan khalayak sasaran kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "lucida grande","serif";">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa yang ilmiah sangat memepengaruhi kemampuan bahasa masyarakat Indonesia, karena karya ilmiah itu digunakan untuk penulisan laporan penelitian, menuliskan ide, menulis buku dan lainnya. Dan itusemua adalah model-model tulisan yang dibahas dan di pelajari oleh siswa, mahasiswa dan kalangan umum seluruh Indonesia yang akan mengubah dan menpengaruhi setiap pribadi pembacanya, dari proses mempelajari bahasa ilmiah itu akan membentuk karakter/ peribadi-pribadi yang mampu menuangkan ide-idenya kedalam bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span> </span><span> </span>Dalam fungsinya sebagai media <strong><span>pendidikan</span></strong><b>, </b><strong><span>media massa</span></strong> berkewajiban memasyarakatkan <strong><span>bahasa Indonesia</span></strong>. Media harus menjadi teladan dan pelopor dalam penggunaan <strong><span>bahasa Indonesia</span></strong> yang baik dan benar, dengan begitu peran bahasa Indonesia bisa mengubah perilaku menulis dan berucap masyarakat. Karena kita akui atau tidak media masa mempengaruhi perilaku kita terutama yang paling kita rasakan pengaruh media dalam dunia fashion/model. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daftar pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Made Pidarta,1997. Landasan kependidikan “stimulus ilmu pendidikan bercorak Indonesia” PT RINEKA CIPTA, Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Susilo sumowijoyo,gatot.2001. Pos Jaga Bahasa Indonesia. Unipres UNESA, Surabaya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Badudu, J.s. 1985. Cakrawala Bahasa Indonesia. PT gramedia, Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ibrahim,Idi subandy. 2007.kecerdasan komunikasi seni berkomunikasi kepada publik. Simbiosa Rekatama Media, Bandung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pendidikan.infogue.com/ketidakseragaman_istilah_di_media_massa_merusak_bahasa_indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">FILSAFAT BAHASA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KONSTRIBUSI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INDONESIA PADA PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER BANGSA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dosen pembimbing<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dr. Budinuryanta Yohanes<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape alt="logo unesa.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_0" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 231.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 191.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="logo unesa" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\doni\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQeH1p9NWYHr-_Df-wTojPe7unCvXunYsp5L99WlS4xZyOxzK4j4bmLrm7_eCCYvop7Xq968Ivg-hd-J0SGa-nKeKrvILjN4bLM_lSOKUsVcyGkAyo8WgvnQJxCazYlVovvfjJP4gX5yk8/s1600/kris2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQeH1p9NWYHr-_Df-wTojPe7unCvXunYsp5L99WlS4xZyOxzK4j4bmLrm7_eCCYvop7Xq968Ivg-hd-J0SGa-nKeKrvILjN4bLM_lSOKUsVcyGkAyo8WgvnQJxCazYlVovvfjJP4gX5yk8/s320/kris2.png" width="240" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Oleh<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Joko yulianto<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENDIDIKAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA INDONESIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">TAHUN AJARAN 2011/ 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-6624079111373519282011-11-29T18:08:00.000-08:002011-11-29T18:08:23.903-08:00DESAIN PENELITIAN EKSPERIMEN<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-AZkA20RWO1fPh5o20Np-L2w4bO2K3mfrqGc2VN41W2eXTHw3e0XuSVBOw-n7_n1IhIeNCsSShe3nc5R2vu1PZWLqYJTy-fCD1OErT5wIDPTx2PZR-E6AcwS8V34iFjHQo8T9Yx6iXjqc/s1600/berfikir.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-AZkA20RWO1fPh5o20Np-L2w4bO2K3mfrqGc2VN41W2eXTHw3e0XuSVBOw-n7_n1IhIeNCsSShe3nc5R2vu1PZWLqYJTy-fCD1OErT5wIDPTx2PZR-E6AcwS8V34iFjHQo8T9Yx6iXjqc/s1600/berfikir.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DESAIN PENELITIAN EKSPERIMEN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Oleh: Joko Y, Chornia TW, Dini AN& Rosinta APP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penelitian kuantitatif merupakan salah satu penelitian pendidikan. Penelitian pendidikan sangatlah sulit ditentukan jawabannya karena kondisi di lapangan yang sering berubah, yang berakibat pada derajat kepastian jawaban yang tidak cermat. Penelitian berdasarkan tingkat derajat kepastiannya dibagi menjadi empat macam penelitian, yaitu: penelitian historis, penelitian eksploratif, penelitian deskriptif, dan penelitian eksperimen (Sudjana, 2010:18). Pembagian penelitian ini didasarkan pada tingkat derajat kepastian, dari derajat kepastian rendah hingga paling tinggi, yaitu penelitian eksperimen.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .3in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penelitian eksperimen yang dianggap mempunyai derajat kepastian paling tinggi (tidak mutlak). Peneliti membuat prediksi terhadap penelitian eksperimen. Kondisi diatur sedemikian rupa, perlakuan terhadap objek dilakukan, akibat suatu perlakuan diukur secara cermat, faktor luar yang mungkin berpengaruh dikendalikan, dengan harapan derajat kepastian jawaban semakinh tinggi (Sudjana, 2010:18-19). Untuk itulah, dalam makalah ini akan lebih dijelaskan lagi tentang penelitian eksperimen yang lebih jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PENELITIAN EKSPERIMEN</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian eksperimen dapat diartikan sebagai penelitian yang di dalamnya melibatkan manipulasi terhadap kondisi subjek yang diteliti, disertai upaya kontrol yang ketat terhadap faktor-faktor luar serta melibatkan subjek pembanding atau metode ilmiah yang sistematis yang dilakukan untuk membangun hubungan yang melibatkan fenomena sebab akibat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Arifin,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2009: 127). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">etode penelitian eksperimental merupakan metode penelitian yang dapat menguji secara benar hipotesis menyangkut hubungan kausal (sebab akibat). Dalam studi eksperimtal peneliti memanipulasi paling sedikit satu variable, mengontrol variable lain yang relevan, dan mengobservasi efek/pengaruhnya terhadap satu atau lebih variable terikat. Peneliti menentukan “siapa memperoleh apa”, kelompok mana dari subjek yang memperoleh perlaakuan mana. Manipulasi variable bebas merupakan salahsatu karakteristik yang membedakan penelitian eksperimental dengan model penelitian lain. Variable bebas juga diacu sebagai variable eksperimental, variable penyebab,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atau</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">variable perlakuan yang aktifitas atau karakteristiknya dipercaya membuat suatu perbedaan. Dalam penelitian pendidikan variable yang bisa dimanipulasi termasuk metode pengajaran, jenis penguatan, pengaturan lingkungan belajar, jenis materi belajar dan ukuran kelompok belajar. Variable terikat<span> </span>juga diacu sebagai variable keriteria atau variable pengaruh dari hasil studi. Perubahan atau perbedaan dalam kelompok dipercaya sebagai suatu hasil manipulasi variable bebas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">III.CIRI-CIRI PENELITIAN EKSPERIMEN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Eksperimen merupakan salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis. Metode ini mengungkap hubungan antara dua variabel atau lebih yang mencari pengaruh suatu variabel terhadap variabel lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Secara sederhana, penelitian eksperimen mempunyai beberapa karakteristik yang mendasar, yaitu: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adanya variabel bebas yang dimanipulasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Memanipulasi variab</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">el</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> berarti tindakan atau perlakuan yang dilakukan oleh seorang peneliti atas dasar pertimbangan ilmiah yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara terbuka guna memperoleh perbedaan efek dalam variabel terikat (Sukardi, 2010:181).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adanya pengendalian terhadap semua variabel kecuali variabel bebas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengontrol variabel merupakan usaha peneliti untuk memindahkan pengaruh variabel lain pada variabel terikat yang mungkin mempengaruhi penampilan variabel tersebut. Kegiatan ini merupakan hal terpenting dalam penelitian eksperimen karena tanpa melakukan kontrol secara sistematis, seorang peneliti tidak mungkin dapat melakukan evaluasi dengan melakukan pengukuran secara cermat terhadap variabel terikat (Sukardi, 2010:181). Kontrol ini dimaksudkan untuk mempermudah seorang peneliti dalam memilah beberapa anggota variabel dan membantu juga untuk mempermudah <i>treatment</i> yang akan diberikan kepada grup ko</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">trol.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Eksperimen memuat dua kontrol yang biasa digunakan, yaitu asumsi pertama dan asumsi kedua. Asumsi pertama berlaku jika dua situasi sama dalam setiap hal kecuali satu faktor yang ditambahkan atau dihilangkan dari salah satu situasi tersebut, maka tiap perbedaan yang timbul antara dua situasi dapat diatribusikan kepada faktor lain. Hukum variabel yang berlaku adalah variabel tunggal. Asumsi kedua berlaku jika dua situasi tidak sama, tapi dapat ditunjukkan bahwa tak ada satupun dari variabelnya signifikan dalam menimbulkan peristiwa yang sedang diteliti, atau jika variabelnya dibuat sama, perbedaan yang terjadi diberi satu variabel baru. Hukum variabel yang berlaku adalah hukum variabel satu-satunya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ada lima prosedur dasar yang biasanya dipakai untuk meningkatkan kesamaan antara kelompok yang dikenakan berbagai situasi eksperimen, yaitu: (1) <i>random assigment</i> (penempatan secara acak), (2) <i>randomized matching </i>(pasangan yang dibuat secara acak), (3) <i>homogeneous selection</i> (pemilikan homogen), (4) analisis kovarian, dan (5) penggunaan para subjek sebagai kontrol (Sudjana, 2010:23). </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh penerapan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">adanya pengendalian terhadap semua variabel kecuali variabel bebas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (Gambaran unsur-unsur pokok dalam penelitian eksperimen ini dicontohkan dalam Sudjana (2010:20)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sebuah eksperimen tentang: Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Grafis terhadap Kemampuan memahami materi Pelajaran Bahasa (Eksperimen pada Murid kelas VII SMP X).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Variabel </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ebas<span> </span>: penggunaan media grafis, dilakukan oleh guru atau peneliti <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">pada waktu mengajar mata pelajaran bahasa, misalnya: gambar, bagan, grafis, diagram, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Variabel </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">erikat: kemampuan siswa dalam memahami mata pelajaran bahasa yang diberikan guru. Variabel ini diukur setelah penggunaan media grafis selesai diterapkan dalam satu waktu tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 155.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.6pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hipotesis penelitian<span> </span>: pemahaman materi pelajaran bahasa pada siswa Kelas VII SMP X yang diajar dengan menggunakan media grafis, lebih tinggi daripada siswa yang diajar tanpa media grafis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 42.55pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.65pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sampel<span> </span><span> </span>: siswa kelas VII SMP X.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 42.55pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -66.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kontrol: kontrol dilakukan dengan cara membagi siswa Kelas VII SMP X menjadi dua kelas. Satu kelas diajar dengan menggunakan media grafis, satu kelas lagi diajar tanpa menggunakan media grafis. Bahan pelajaran, waktu pelajaran, guru yang mengajar, dibuat sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Prosedur: eksperimen ini menggunakan suatu random desain yang sederhana dengan dua kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok I mendapat pelajaran dari guru yang menggunakan media grafis. Kelompok II mendapat pelajaran dari guru tanpa menggunakan media grafis, cukup dengan penjelasan guru seperti biasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil uji: <span> </span>Hasil uji</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">t digunakan untuk melihat signifikasi perbedaan hasil tes siswa dari kedua kelas tersebut. Hasil menunjukkan adanya perbedaan dalam pemahaman bahasa. Rata-rata pemahaman siswa kelompok I lebih tinggi dan berbeda secara signifikan pada taraf 0,05 daripada rata-rata siswa kelompok II.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kesimpulannya<span> </span>: hipotesis penelitian diterima.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adanya pengamatan terhadap efek atau pengaruhnya terhadap variabel <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh manipulasi variable bebas terhadap variable terikat dalam suatu penelitian eksperimental, pengamatan perlu dilakukan. Pengamatan dilakukan pada cirri-ciri tingkah laku subjek yang diteliti. Contoh, bila peneliti melakukan eksperimen untuk mengetahui apakah metode tertentu mempunyai pengaruh terhadap prestasi belajar bahasa Indonesia. Maka setelah pelaksanaan perlakuan dilakukan pengukuran pada prestasi belajar bahasa Indonesia pada kedua kelompok eksperimental dan kelompok kontrol dengan mengunakan tes. Hasil tes kemudian dibandingkan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tindakan observasi/pengamatan dilakukan peneliti pada umunya mempunyai tujuan agar dapat mengamati dan mencatat fenomena yang muncul dalam variabel terikat sebagai akibat dari adanya kontrol dan manipulasi variabel. Tujuan melakukan observasi adalah untuk melihat dan mencatat fenomena apa yang muncul</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">yang memungkinkan terjadinya perbedaan diantara kedua kelompok.</span><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berdasarkan karakteristik tersebut, dalam eksperimen ada dua variabel yang utama, yaitu variabel bebas dan terikat. Variabel bebas sengaja dimanipulasi oleh peneliti, sedangkan variabel yang diamati sebagai akibat dari manipulasi variabel bebas adalah variabel terikat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">IV. BEBERAPA RANCANGAN PENELITIAN EKSPERIMEN</span></b><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DESAIN DENGAN SATU VARIABEL BEBAS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain dengan satu variabel bebas, meliputi;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span>D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esain studi kasus sekali tes (<i>one shot case study)</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain studi kasus sekali test merupakan jenis desain pre-eksperimen. Pada jenis ini tidak terdapat kelompok kontrol dan hanya satu kelompok yang diukur dan diamati gejala-gejala yang muncul setelah diberi perlakuan (postes). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desainnya sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 62.1pt; width: 539px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 209.0pt;" valign="top" width="279"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 195.0pt;" valign="top" width="260"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 209.0pt;" valign="top" width="279"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X*<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 195.0pt;" valign="top" width="260"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O*<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span>D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esain pretes-postes satu kelompok (<i>One Group Pretes Postes Design)</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain pretes-postes satu kelompok<span> </span>juga termasuk pre-eksperimen. Pada desain ini dilakukan pretes untuk mengetahui keadaan awal subjek sebelum diberi perlakuan sehingga peneliti dapat mengetahui kondisi subjek yang diteliti sebelum atau sesudah diberi perlakuan yang hasilnya dapat dibandingkan atau dilihat perubahannya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (Sukardi, 2010:180-181).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desainnya sebagai berikut;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 62.1pt; width: 539px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 25.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pretes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.65pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.65pt;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.65pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.65pt;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk penelitian-penelitian pendidikan yang menerapkan metode pembelajaran, desain ini masih belum tepat karena perubahan atau perbedaan skor antara pretes dan postes bisa jadi bukan karena disebabkan oleh perlakuan yang diberikan, tetapi karena faktor-faktor lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25.65pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbandingan kelompok statik (<i>static<span> </span>group comparison</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbandingan kelompok statik terdapat kelompok kontrol selain kelompok eksperimen. Masing-masing kelompok tidak diberikan pretes untuk mengetahui kondisi awalnya namun diberi postes untuk mengetahui gejala yang terjadi setelah diberikan perlakuan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desainnya sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 62.1pt; width: 539px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.1pt;" valign="top" width="227"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksperimen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.1pt;" valign="top" width="227"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrol<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.1pt;" valign="top" width="227"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada desain ini, kelompok kontrol tidak diberikan perlakuanX tetapi diberikan tes yang sama dengan tes yang diberikan pada kelompok eksperimen kemudian hasil postes dibandingkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esain eksperimen, meliputi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.4.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esain postes kelompok kontrol subjek random <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain ini menggunakan pemilihan subjek secara acak dan melibatkan dua kelompok subjek (kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol) tanpa pretes. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desainnya adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 90.45pt; width: 501px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 34.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 34.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.9pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.7pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 34.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.65pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 34.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.8pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 34.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.9pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(R)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.65pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 48.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.9pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksperimen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.8pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.9pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(R)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.65pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrol<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.8pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.4.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esain pasangan subjek postes secara random <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain ini menggunakan random pasangan untuk pemilihan kedua kelompok subjek sekaligus. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desainnya sebagai berikut;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 90.45pt; width: 501px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.9pt;" valign="top" width="147"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.15pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.8pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -40.85pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.9pt;" valign="top" width="147"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -40.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksperimen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.15pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.8pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -40.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(MR)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.9pt;" valign="top" width="147"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -40.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrol<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.15pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.8pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo2; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.4.3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span>D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esain pretes-postes kelompok kontrol subjek random <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain ini menggunakan randomisasi pemilihan subjek serta menggunakan pretes dan postes. Berikut ini desainnya;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 90.45pt; width: 499px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.3pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.9pt;" valign="top" width="147"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 17.35pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.8pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -.4pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pretes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.45pt;" valign="top" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.3pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(R)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.9pt;" valign="top" width="147"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 17.35pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksperimen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.8pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -.4pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.45pt;" valign="top" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.3pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(R)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.9pt;" valign="top" width="147"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 17.35pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrol<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.8pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -.4pt 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.45pt;" valign="top" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.4.4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esain tiga kelompok Salomon </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain ini merupakan desain yang menggunakan pretes, postes, pemilihan secara acak, dan melibatkan tiga kelompok dengan dua kelompok kontrol. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Desainnya adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 83.4pt; width: 510px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.75pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 11.4pt 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -35.5pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 3.05pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pretes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.75pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 11.4pt 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -35.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(R)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksperimen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 3.05pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.75pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 11.4pt 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -35.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(R)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrol 1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 3.05pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.75pt;" valign="top" width="69"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 11.4pt 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -35.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(R)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrol 2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 3.05pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.4.5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esain empat kelompok Salomon <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain empat kelompok Salomon hampir sama dengan desain tiga kelompok Salomon hanya saja melibatkan empat kelompok.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desainnya adalah sebagai berikut;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 83.4pt; width: 503px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.95pt;" valign="top" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.85pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -44.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.7pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pretes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.9pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.95pt;" valign="top" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(R)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.85pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -44.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksperimen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 3.05pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.9pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.95pt;" valign="top" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(R)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.85pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -44.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrol 1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 3.05pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.9pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.95pt;" valign="top" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(R)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.85pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -44.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrol 2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.7pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.9pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.95pt;" valign="top" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(R)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.85pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -44.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrol 3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.7pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.9pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.4.6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esain faktorial sederhana <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada desain ini menyesuaikan dengan keberadaan faktor lain yaitu faktor level sehingga bentuknya adalah desain faktorial. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 68.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 52.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desainnya adalah sebagai berikut;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 76.3pt; width: 520px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Variabel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atribut<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 283.5pt;" valign="top" width="378"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Variabel Eksperimen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.2pt;" valign="top" width="184"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 145.3pt;" valign="top" width="194"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan B<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Level 1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.2pt;" valign="top" width="184"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel 1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 145.3pt;" valign="top" width="194"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel 3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Level 2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.2pt;" valign="top" width="184"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel 2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 145.3pt;" valign="top" width="194"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel 4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.65pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esain quasi eksperimen (desain eksperimen semu)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model desain ini merupakan salah satu desain eksperimen satu variabel. Jenis desain ini meliput</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.5.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esain kelompok kontrol tidak ekuivalen <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain model ini sangat cocok jika peneliti memerlukan subjek penelitian yang sesuai dengan kondisi dan tatanan yang sudah permanen. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desainnya <span> </span>meliputi:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 90.45pt; width: 501px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pretes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksperimen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 3.05pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrol<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 3.05pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atau dapat juga menggunakan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 90.45pt; width: 501px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.9pt;" valign="top" width="147"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -40.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.45pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -44.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pretes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.4pt;" valign="top" width="134"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -44.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.9pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.9pt;" valign="top" width="147"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -40.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksperimen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.45pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 3.05pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.4pt;" valign="top" width="134"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -44.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.9pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.9pt;" valign="top" width="147"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -40.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrol<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.45pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 3.05pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.4pt;" valign="top" width="134"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -44.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.9pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo9; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.5.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span>D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esain deret waktu <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain ini melakukan pretes dan postes berkali-kali. Desainnya sebagai berikut;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 90.45pt; width: 501px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 34.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 34.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 34.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.9pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pretes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 34.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 34.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.35pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 8.8pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -40.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksperimen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.9pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>11</sub> O<sub>12</sub> O<sub>13<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -47.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.35pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 8.8pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -40.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>21</sub> O<sub>22</sub> O<sub>23<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo9; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.5.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esain deret waktu dengan kelompok kontrol <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada desain ini merupakan desain yang melibatkan dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol dan hasil yang didapatkan lebih menyakinkan daripada desain pretes-postes satu kelompok. Jika hasil pretes dan postes pertama, kedua, ketiga, dan seterusnya sama atau skor postes lebih baik daripada skor pretes hendaknya menggunakan desain model ini. Desainnya sebagai berikut;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 90.45pt; width: 501px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pretes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksperimen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>11</sub> O<sub>12</sub> O<sub>13<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 8.8pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -40.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>21</sub> O<sub>22</sub> O<sub>23<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrol<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>11</sub> O<sub>12</sub> O<sub>13<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 8.8pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -40.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<sub>21</sub> O<sub>22</sub> O<sub>23<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo9; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.5.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span>D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esain kontrabalans minimal <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain kontrabalans minimal melibatkan dua kelompok yang memperoleh perlakuan yang sama dengan urutan memperoleh perlakuan yang berbeda sehingga jumlah perlakuan dan jumlah kelompok harus sama.Berikut ini ditampilkan desain kontrabalans dengan dua kelompok dan tiga kelompok:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 49.65pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain kontrabalans dua kelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 104.65pt; width: 472px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.35pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.7pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.35pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.7pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.35pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.7pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain kontrabalans tiga kelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 104.65pt; width: 482px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.7pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.7pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.7pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 7.1pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt 99.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.7pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DESAIN DENGAN DUA VARIABEL BEBAS ATAU LEBIH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain dengan dua variabel bebas atau lebih digunakan Jika variabel bebas yang akan dijadikan sebagai perlakuan masih harus ditinjau lagi dari aspek lain sehingga desainnya akan menjadi desain faktorial.<span> </span>Tipe desain faktorial sangat bergantung pada jumlah variabel aspek tambahannya. Misalnya; jika peneliti merasa belum cukup hanya meneliti perbedaan dua metode mengajar, dan ingin meninjau masing-masing metode mengajar dilihat dari level sekolah yaitu tinggi, sedang, dan rendah, desainnya menjadi desain faktorial 2 X 3. Di sini ada enam jenis kondisi, yaitu metode A untuk siswa sekolah level rendah, sedang, dan tinggi kemudian metode B untuk siswa sekolah level rendah, sedang, dan tinggi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span> </span>P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">enelitian eksperimental merupakan metode penelitian yang dapat menguji secara benar hipotesis menyangkut hubungan kausal (sebab akibat). Dalam studi eksperimtal peneliti memanipulasi paling sedikit satu variable, mengontrol variable lain yang relevan, dan mengobservasi efek/pengaruhnya terhadap satu atau lebih variable terikat. Peneliti menentukan “siapa memperoleh apa”, kelompok mana dari subjek yang memperoleh perlaakuan mana.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penelitian eksperimen dapat diartikan sebagai penelitian yang didalamnya melibatkan manipulasi terhadap kondisi subjek yang diteliti, disertai dengan upaya control yang ketat terhadap factor-faktor luar, serta melibatkan subjek pembanding. Berikut ini adalah beberapa karakteristik dari penelitian eksperimen: 1. Adanya kesetaraan, 2. Adanya kelompok-kelompok yang berbeda, 3. Adanya kontrol terhadap terhadap variable-variabel non-eksperimen, 4. Adanya pengukuran atau observasi terhadap variable-variabel terikatnya dan 5. Ada satu variable bebas yang dimanipulasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arifin, Zaenal.2009.<i>Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan</i>.Surabaya: Lentera Cendikia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Emzir.2009.Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan: Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif.Jakarta: PT.Raja Grafindo Persada<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kountur, Ronny.2005.<i>Metode Penelitian untuk Penulisan Skripsi dan Tesis.</i>Jakarta: PPM<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nazir, Muh.1999.<i>Metode Penelitian</i>.Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prasetyo, Bambang dan Lina Miftahul Jannah.2008.<i>Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif: teori dan Aplikasi.</i>Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Perkasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sukardi. 2010. <i>Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan. </i>Jakarta:Bumi Aksara<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sudjana, Nana dan Ibrahim.2010.<i>Penelitian dan Penilaian Pendidikan.</i>Bandung: Sinar Baru Algensindo<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suryabrata, Sumadi.2011.<i>Metodologi Penelitian.</i>Jakarta: Rajawali Pers<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
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</div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3873589774004501808.post-11770887316053642552011-11-27T02:36:00.000-08:002011-11-27T02:36:23.193-08:00PERBANDINGAN KESALAHAN KEBAHASAAN ANTARA HASIL TERJEMAHAN GOOGLE TRANSLATE DAN BING TRANSLATE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjndr_MNSirPs1NkBa97V1Ga5FGYT_xXl8UKL1oE18slVKARR5Y7qp_5po3HycwoSq5cNQnJvzT2Jaw-xYVmvaRpfrb6ndozQh8FzGA1MC1W7SBUqx8pxa3lz8kP898FtNFrNt50jhDE-Bv/s1600/all+unesa2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjndr_MNSirPs1NkBa97V1Ga5FGYT_xXl8UKL1oE18slVKARR5Y7qp_5po3HycwoSq5cNQnJvzT2Jaw-xYVmvaRpfrb6ndozQh8FzGA1MC1W7SBUqx8pxa3lz8kP898FtNFrNt50jhDE-Bv/s320/all+unesa2.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PERBANDINGAN KESALAHAN KEBAHASAAN ANTARA HASIL TERJEMAHAN GOOGLE TRANSLATE DAN BING TRANSLATE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Oleh : Wahyudi, Rasmian, Joko Y, Agus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Abstrak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Globalisasi saat ini mengantarkan kehidupan manusia menjadi lebih praktis. Kepraktisan itu bisa dilihat dari kemudahan dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan manusia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.Salah satunya adalah dengan memanfaatkan teknologi internet.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span lang="IN">Ada layanan dalam dunia internet yang banyak diminati, yaitu layanan terjemah. Maksudnya, layanan ini bisa membantu seseorang untuk menerjemahkan teks bahasa satu ke bahasa lain dan sebaliknya</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span lang="IN">Google Translete</span></span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> dan <i>Bing Translete </i>adalah sebagian program yang bisa menerjemahkan antarbahasa. Kedua program tersebut mampu menerjemahkan ke dalam lebih dari 50 bahasa, salah satunya adalah dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia dan sebaliknya. Namun, hasil terjemahan dari mesin penerjemah tersebut perlu dikaji lebih jauh terutama untuk melihat kesalahan kebahasaan yang ada, karena banyak pihak yang meragukan kualitasnya. Kesalahan bahasa itu bisa berupa kesalahan morfologis, sintaksis, dan fonologis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">O</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">leh karena<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>u,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pemahaman </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> harus didahulukan</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ara</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>k k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span>n. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Karena bahasa yang dihasilkan berwujud kata, kalimat dan makna, kesalahan yang perlu dianalisis mencakup pada tataran fonologi, morfologi, sintaksis dan semantik</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mesin pencari Google dalam perkembangannya menyediakan berbagai fasilitas tidak hanya sekedar mencari alamat web. Fasilitas itu antara lain pencarian gambar, video, buku, hasil penelitian, beasiswa dan penerjemah yang disebut Google penerjemah atau Google-translate</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <span lang="IN">Bing</span></span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> merupakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_pencari" title="Mesin pencari"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mesin pencari</span></a> (search engine) website yang bernaung di bawah bendera <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Microsoft</span></a>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Dari hasil analisis, kesalahan penerjemahan <i>B</i></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">i</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ng Translete</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> dan <i>Google translate</i> dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia ditemukan bahwa kesalahan terbanyak terjadi pada tataran morfologi, kemudian disusul kesalahan pada tataran semantik, sintaksis</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kata kunci: </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Google translate</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span lang="IN">B</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">i</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ng Translete</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">, kesalahan berbahasa,terjemahan</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengantar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Globalisasi saat ini mengantarkan kehidupan manusia menjadi lebih praktis. Kepraktisan itu bisa dilihat dari kemudahan dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan manusia. Salah satu di antaranya adalah akses informasi. Pada bebarapa dekade lalu orang perlu menunggu surat balasan dari sanak keluarga di luar negeri selama bebarapa hari. Tetapi, sekarang melalui kecanggihan teknologi dua orang dari dua negara yang berbeda bisa bertukar pendapat tanpa menunggu beberapa lama.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada era globalisasi ini teknologi informasi berkembang sangat pesat. Salah satu bentuk teknologi informasi yang mengalami perkembangan signnifikan hingga dapat mempengaruhi pola kehidupan dan cara berkomunikasi manusia di era global ini adalah teknologi informasi yang dikenal sebagai internet. Internet digunakan oleh orang untuk mencari serta memperoleh informasi yang dibutuhkan dengan cepat tanpa harus meninggalkan tempat duduknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan internet tiap tahun cukup pesat. Para pakar IT terus melakukan inovasi-inovasi dalam hal layanan, seperti email, jejaring sosial, blog dan lain sebagainya. Inovasi tersebut menandakan akan terus adanya dinamisasi teknologi di masa mendatang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada layanan dalam dunia internet yang banyak diminati, yaitu layanan terjemah. Maksudnya, layanan ini bisa membantu seseorang untuk menerjemahkan teks bahasa satu ke bahasa lain dan sebaliknya. Yang terpenting bahasa tersebut sudah masuk di layanan tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Google Translete</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan <i>Bing Translete </i>adalah sebagian program yang bisa menerjemahkan antarbahasa. Kedua program tersebut mampu menerjemahkan ke dalam lebih dari 50 bahasa, salah satunya adalah dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia dan sebaliknya. Namun, hasil terjemahan dari mesin penerjemah tersebut perlu dikaji lebih jauh terutama untuk melihat kesalahan kebahasaan yang ada, karena banyak pihak yang meragukan kualitasnya. Kesalahan bahasa itu bisa berupa kesalahan morfologis, sintaksis, dan fonologis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena itu, penulis mencoba mengidentifikasi kesalahan berbahasa pada dua mesin terjemah tersebut. Kemudian keduanya dibandingkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kajian Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan dan Kekeliuran Berbahasa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 8.55pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">O</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">leh karena<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>u,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pemahaman </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> harus didahulukan</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 8.55pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">til</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">ha</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mili</span>ki<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>Un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>u, p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>hui <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-font-width: 99%;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">C</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> (</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dalam Indihadi, :2)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">en</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>tiga<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">til</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>si <span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>: <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span>1) <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">L</span>aps<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s, <span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">2</span>) <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>Error</i>, <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">3</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ke</span></i>.<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 8.6pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">L</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">aps<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>Error<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span></span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">til</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">til</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">il</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">ha</span>n b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>ga <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">til</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mili</span>ki <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">an</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a-</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">C</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span>1974)<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 322.5pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1) <span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">L</span>aps<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s </i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 8.6pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">L</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">aps<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span></span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>um <span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>uh <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">lim</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>) <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>Un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ii</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">til</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>hk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“</span><i>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>p <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>he <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ongu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span></i>” <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-font-width: 99%;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>s, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span>i d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ii</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">til</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>hk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“</span><i>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n</i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">”</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ks<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2) <span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><i>Error</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 8.55pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Error <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span></span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ngg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span><i>br<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>od<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">)</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">ha</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>sud<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mili</span>ki<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h)<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">an</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n,<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">H</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l <span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>but <span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">im</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>si <span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3) <span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">k</span>e</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 8.55pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">M<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nu<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mil</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">i</span>h k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>su<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>si <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u. <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ni <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ac</span>u k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">ba</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>hui <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span>na <span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-font-width: 99%;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 99%;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt; mso-font-width: 99%;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-font-width: 99%;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>gu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>dua <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span>2<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">)</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>oduk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">an</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 8.45pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">ha</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">im</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>u.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>ggun<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-font-width: 99%;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-font-width: 99%;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt; mso-font-width: 99%;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 99%;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">im</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ku <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa <span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>un <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>su<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>n b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di <span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">an</span>g s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>. K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span>na <span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>k, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>du<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>s, <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">fa</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra)</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">J</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">ba</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>okus<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">im</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>u.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>Kategori<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">K</span>esala<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">B</span>erbahasa</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ara</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>k k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span>n. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena bahasa yang dihasilkan berwujud kata, kalimat dan makna, kesalahan yang perlu dianalisis mencakup pada tataran fonologi, morfologi, sintaksis dan semantik. (Pateda, 1989:34).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 32.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">A<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">h</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">h</span>asa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">T</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">F</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>ogi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 8.6pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Fonologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari bunyi-bunyi bahasa yang fungsional (bunyi yang bersifat membedakan arti) (Ghufron, 1994:17). </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pada</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ini</span> su<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">I</span>ndo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n:<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-font-width: 99%;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>/ d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/i</span>/ d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>pk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>/ d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">é</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">é</span>/ d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>u/<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>pk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">6. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>o/<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>pk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">7. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>/ d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">8. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>/<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 389.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">9. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>k/<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>pk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> /</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">?</span>/ bu<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">y</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">10.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>v/<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>pk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">11.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">z</span>/ d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>pk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/j/</span>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">12.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">z</span>/ d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>pk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">13.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>kh/<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>pk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">14.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>u/<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>pk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>sk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">15.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>/ d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/i/</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">16.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>/ d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">17.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">y</span>/<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">18.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>/<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">19.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">il</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">20.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">im</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.65pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">b. </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">A<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">h</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">h</span>asa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">T</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">M</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>ogi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 8.8pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Menurut Ramlan (2001:21), morfologi adalah bagian dari ilmu bahasa yang membicarakan seluk beluk kata serta pengaruh perubahan-perubahan bentuk kata terhadap golongan dan arti kata. Pada tataran ini, s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 8.8pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>uh<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">il</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>uhk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>uh<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">il</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>uhk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><i>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span></i>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><i>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>-<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><i>n,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">y</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>ng,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span></i>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e-</span></span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>ub<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">fe</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><i>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-</span>, p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span></i>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r-<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><i>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e-</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span></i>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e-</span></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">6. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">rfe</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">an</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">7. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">8. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>uk s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">era</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">9. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">af</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ks<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">10.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> af</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">i</span>ks<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>su<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ks.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 29.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> 11.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>k.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">c.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <b>A<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">h</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">h</span>asa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">T</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Sintaksis</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sintaksis adalah bagian dari cabang linguistik yang membicarakan seluk beluk wacana, kalimat, frasa, dan klausa (Ramelan, 2001:18). Pada tataran ini, s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s, tataran frasa dan klausa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 77.4pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Fra</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>usun<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">“</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g” d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> fra</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nda<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> (</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mi</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span>N<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>+<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>A<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>” <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> “</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g”<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">sa</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mi</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span>N<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>+<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">N</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mi</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">6. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>” <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> “</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>”<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> fra</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">sa</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span>V<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>+<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">7. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span>”<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">“</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">an</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>”<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> fra</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mi</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span>N<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>+<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">V</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">8. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span>”<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mi</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span>V<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>+<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">an</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>+<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">9. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">“</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g” d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> fra</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mi</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span>N<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>+<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">an</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>+<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>V<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">10.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">il</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">re</span>pos<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>si<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> fra</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span>V<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ns<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">iti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>+<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">re</span>pos<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>si<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>+<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>N<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">11.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">il</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>h” d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> fra</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>f <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span>V<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>+<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>+<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>A<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">12.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">il</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">“</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>” <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">fra</span>sa <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>f <span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>+ <span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>A <span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>+ <span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>+ N<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>pos<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>si<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>usa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h”<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mi</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">ka</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>usa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">il</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>h” d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>usa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">il</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>opos<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>si<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">re</span>pos<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>usa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>n.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">6. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">il</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">“</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">an</span>g”<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>usa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mi</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">7. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">il</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>a d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>usa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>ns<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">iti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">8. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">il</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>k”<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>usa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">9. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>”<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>”<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>usa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">10.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mi</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>usa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">11.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>usa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> ra</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">12. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">lim</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ku,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">lim</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">efe</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>. b. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">lim</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">lim</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> d. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">lim</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> ra</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>u. <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>. K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">lim</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>u. <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>. K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">lim</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>uh<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ng.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">d.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <b>A<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">h</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">h</span>asa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">T</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Semantik</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>k,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Ak<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">re</span>k.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Ak<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Ak<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Ak<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ksi<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mili</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">e.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <b>A<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">h</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">h</span>asa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">T</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Wacana</span></b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ac</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Ak<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nuh<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Ak<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">af</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Ak<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">pa</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Ak<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">ra</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Ak<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>si<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> (</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>op<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>op<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k)<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">6. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Ak<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mili</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>op<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">7. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Ak<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 29.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">8. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Ak<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">lim</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">an</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2. </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Google Translete<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Google pada awal ditemukannya merupakan alat atau mesin yang membantu penjelajah internet untuk dengan cepat menemukan informasi atau website yang dicari (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/google_translate). Mesin pencari ini sangatlah bermanfaat mengingat jumlah halaman web di dunia maya bisa jutaan jumlahnya, sementara kemampuan otak manusia untuk mengingat alamat sebuah halaman web sangat terbatas. Google pertama kali dikembangkan pada tahun 1996 oleh dua mahasiswa di Amerika Serikat yaitu Larry Page dan Sergey Brin. Saat ini Google menjadi mesin pencari terpopuler di dunia.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesin pencari Google dalam perkembangannya menyediakan berbagai fasilitas tidak hanya sekedar mencari alamat web. Fasilitas itu antara lain pencarian gambar, video, buku, hasil penelitian, beasiswa dan penerjemah yang disebut Google penerjemah atau Google-translate. Fasilitas ini pertama kali dikembangkan oleh Google pada tahun 2007 dengan menggunakan sebuah sistem yang disebut SYSTRAN. Pemakaian mesin penerjemah Google sangatlah mudah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -92.6pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Google-Translate</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Google pada awal ditemukannya merupakan alat atau mesin yang membantu penjelajah internet untuk dengan cepat menemukan informasi atau website yang dicari. Mesin pencari ini sangatlah bermanfaat mengingat jumlah halaman web di dunia maya bisa jutaan jumlahnya, sementara kemampuan otak manusia untuk mengingat alamat sebuah halaman web sangat terbatas. Google pertama kali dikembangkan pada tahun 1996 oleh dua mahasiswa di Amerika Serikat yaitu Larry Page dan Sergey Brin. Saat ini Google menjadi mesin pencari terpopuler di dunia.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada awalnya mesin penerjemah Google hanya mampu menerjemah teks dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Jerman, Prancis dan Spanyol, serta sebaliknya. Perlahan setelah melalui beberapa tahapan, saat ini mesin penerjemah Google mampu menerjemahkan teks ke dalam lebih dari 50 bahasa, termasuk ke dalam bahasa yang memiliki sistem ortografi bukan berbasis bahasa latin seperti bahasa Arab, Jepang, Rusia dan Korea. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemakaian mesin penerjemah <i>Google </i>sangatlah mudah. Saat halaman www. <i>Google</i>.co.id dibuka maka di sana akan tampak panel pilihan “terjemahan” seperti dalam gambar berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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style='width:360.75pt;height:273.75pt;visibility:visible'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\kantarao\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="365" src="file:///C:/Users/kantarao/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="481" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Gambar 1. Halaman muka Google.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya jika panel “terjemahan” diklik, maka akan muncul kotak yang harus diisi teks yang akan diterjemahkan. Para pengguna tinggal menentukan, teks tersebut akan diterjemahkan dari bahasa sumber tertentu ke dalam bahasa target.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:388.5pt;height:273.75pt;
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="365" src="file:///C:/Users/kantarao/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="518" /><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Gambar 2, Kotak terjemahan di Mesin Google<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ng Translete <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ng Translete merupakan layanan terjemah dalam Microsoft. Layanan ini memebrikan fasilitas terjemahan secara online</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menurut Wikipedia </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bing</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> merupakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_pencari" title="Mesin pencari"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mesin pencari</span></a> (search engine) website yang bernaung di bawah bendera <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Microsoft</span></a>. Bing ini merupakan bentuk reinkarnasi yang dilakukan Microsoft terhadap ketiga mesin pencari produksinya terdahulu, yakni <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Live_Search&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Live Search (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Live Search</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_Live_Search&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Windows Live Search (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows Live Search</span></a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MSN_Search&action=edit&redlink=1" title="MSN Search (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">MSN Search</span></a>. Produk mesin pencari yang baru ini secara resmi dilucurkan pada tanggal 3 Juni 2009 menggantikan mesin pencari sebelumnya, yaitu Live Search. Bing diciptakan dengan menggunakan suatu teknologi, yakni <i>teknologi PowerSet</i>. Teknologi ini memungkinkan pengguna untuk memperoleh hasil pencarian yang lebih akurat. Di samping itu, Bing dilengkapi dengan kemampuan untuk menyimpan dan membagi historis pencarian melalui <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_Skydrive&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Windows Skydrive (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows Skydrive</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Facebook</span></a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">e-mail</span></a>. Bing mengelompokkan pencarian berdasarkan empat kategori, yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Web</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> untuk pencarian halaman situs atau website.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Images</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> untuk pencarian gambar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">News</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> untuk pencarian berita.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">xRank</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> untuk pencarian siapa dan apa yang paling banyak dicari oleh pengguna Bing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemakaian mesin penerjemah Bing juga<i> </i>sangatlah mudah. Ketik alamat bing translate pada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">Bing </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">earch </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">E</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ngine</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Akan muncul gambar berikut ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:273.75pt;
visibility:visible'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\kantarao\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="365" src="file:///C:/Users/kantarao/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">Gambar 3 Halaman Muka Bing </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">earch </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">E</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ngine</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Selanjutnya ketik bing </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Translete</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Pada mesin Bgai ing S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">earch </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">E</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ngine</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Pada layar komputer Anda akan muncul gambar sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:413.25pt;height:273.75pt;visibility:visible'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\kantarao\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="365" src="file:///C:/Users/kantarao/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="551" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar 4 Halaman Muka Bing Translator<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Selanjutnya pilihlah bahasa tujuan dan bahasa objek. Masukkan naskah yang akan diterjemahkan, sebagaimana gambar berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:408pt;height:273.75pt;
visibility:visible'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\kantarao\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="365" src="file:///C:/Users/kantarao/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="544" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar 5 Gambar Naskah yang akan Diterjemahkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kemudian klik <i>translate, </i>dikomputer Anda akan muncul gambar sebagai berikut<i>.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:411.75pt;height:273.75pt;
visibility:visible'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\kantarao\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="365" src="file:///C:/Users/kantarao/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="549" /><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar 6 Gambar Naskah Hasil Terjemahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis kesalahan berbahasa yang disajikan dalam tulisan ini merupakan kajian yang menganalisis satu paragraf sebuah pendahuluan dari buku George Richard “Methodology in Language Teaching” . Makalah ini menyajikan hasil terjemah teks tersebut dari layanan <i>Google Translete</i> dan <i>B.Ing Transele. </i>Hasil terjemah akan disajikan dalam bentuk tabel beserta analisis kesalahan berbahasanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tabel I</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil Penerjemahan Kalimat Pertama dalam Buku “Methodology in Language Teaching oleh <i>B.Ing Translete </i>dan <i>Google Translete</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 605px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teks Asli<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil Terj</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bing <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil Terj</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Google<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The articles in this anthology offer a comperehensive picture of approaches to the teaching of english and ilustrate the complexity underlying many of the practical planning and introductional activities it involves.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Artikel dalam antologi ini menawarkan gambaran comperehensive pendekatan untuk mengajar bahasa Inggris dan ilustrate kompleksitas yang mendasari banyak perencanaan praktis dan introductional kegiatan ini melibatkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Artikel dalam antologi ini menawarkan gambaran comperehensive pendekatan untuk pengajaran bahasa inggris dan ilustrate kompleksitas yang mendasari banyak perencanaan praktis dan kegiatan introductional melibatkan.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bedasarkan tabel di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada kalimat pertama hasil terjemahan Bing terdapat empat kesalahan berbahasa. Kesalahan tersebut terletak pada kata </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">articles</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> diterjemahkan <i>artikel, </i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ilustrate</span></i><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> diterjemahkan menjadi </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ilustrate</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">introductional</span></i><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> diterjemahkan menjadi </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">introductional</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">involves</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> diterjemahkan menjadi </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">melibatkan</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Keempat jenis kesalahan di atas merupakan kesalahan jenis morfologi.Kesalahan sisntaksis juga terjadi pada hasil terjemahan Bing Translate pada kalimat tersebut. Kesalahan tersebut terjadi pada frase </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">introductional activities it involves</span></i><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> diterjemahkan </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">introductional kegiatan ini melibatkan</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> seharusnya </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aktivitas pengajaran yang dicakupnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bedasarkan tabel di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada kalimat pertama hasil terjemahan Google terdapat enam kesalahan berbahasa. Kesalahan tersebut terletak pada</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> tataran Morfologi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> kata: </span><span class="longtext"><i><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arti</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">cles</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> diterjemahkan menjadi <i>artikel</i>, seharusnya <i>beberapa artikel</i>; </span></span><span class="longtext"><i><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">comperehensive</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> diterjemahkan menjadi </span></span><span class="longtext"><i><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">comperehensive</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, seharusnya komperehensif; </span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">english</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> diterjemahkan dengan <i>inggris</i>, seharusnya <i>Inggris</i>; </span><span class="longtext"><i><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ilustrate</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> diterjemahkan menjadi </span></span><span class="longtext"><i><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ilustrate</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, seharusnya <i>mengilustrasikan</i></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Pada tataran sintaksis, ada satu kesalahan, yaitu</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">introductional activities it involves</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">diterjemahkan menjadi </span></span><span class="longtext"><i><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kegiatan introductional</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> melibatkan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, seharusnya </span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aktivitas pengajaran yang dicakupnya</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tabel </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil Penerjemahan Kalimat Kedua dalam Buku “Methodology in Language Teaching oleh <i>B.Ing Translete </i>dan <i>Google Translete</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 595px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.25pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.7pt;" valign="top" width="176"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teks Asli<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil Terj</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. B.Ing</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil Terj</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Google<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.25pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.7pt;" valign="top" width="176"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">These activities include teaching english at elemetary, secondary, and tertiary levels, teacher training, language testing, curriculum and materials devolepment, the use of computers and other technology in teaching, as well as research on different aspects of second language learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan ini meliputi mengajar bahasa Inggris di elemetary, sekunder dan tersier tingkat, pelatihan, bahasa pengujian, kurikulum dan bahan devolepment, penggunaan komputer dan teknologi lainnya dalam mengajar, guru serta penelitian pada berbagai aspek dari belajar bahasa kedua.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kegiatan ini meliputi mengajar bahasa inggris pada tingkat elemetary, sekunder, dan tersier, pelatihan guru, bahasa pengujian, kurikulum dan bahan devolepment, penggunaan komputer dan teknologi lainnya dalam mengajar, serta penelitian tentang aspek yang berbeda dari pembelajaran bahasa kedua</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bedasarkan tabel </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">II </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">di atas, kalimat kedua hasil terjemahan Bing<b> </b>terdapat enam kesalahan berbahasa, yaitu tiga bidang morfologi dan tiga bidang sintaksis. Kesalahan tersebut terletak pada kata: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">These activities</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> yang diterjemahkan menjadi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan ini</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">seharusnya<i> beberapa kegiatan itu</i>; </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">elemetary, secondary, and tertiary levels</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> yang diterjemahkan menjadi </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">elemetary, sekunder dan tersier tingkat</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">seharusnya<i> sekolah dasar, sekolah menengah pertama, dan sekolah menengah atas</i>; </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">language testing, curriculum and materials devolepment</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diterjemahkan menjadi </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bahasa pengujian, kurikulum dan bahan devolepment</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> seharusnya </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tes bahasa, pengembangan kurikulum dan pembuatan materi ajar</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">; </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">in teaching</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> diterjemahkan menjadi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dalam <i>mengajar</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, <i>seharusnya</i> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam pengajaran</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">; </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">as well as research on different aspects of second language learning</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> diterjemahkan menjadi </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">guru serta penelitian pada berbagai aspek dari belajar bahasa kedua</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, seharusnya </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">begitu juga dalam hal penelitian mengenai berbagai aspek pengajaran bahasa kedua</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bedasarkan tabel </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">II </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">di atas, kalimat kedua hasil terjemahan Google<b> </b>terdapat enam kesalahan berbahasa, yaitu tiga bidang morfologi dan tiga bidang sintaksis. Kesalahan tersebut terletak pada kata: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">These activities</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> yang diterjemahkan menjadi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan ini</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">seharusnya<i> beberapa kegiatan itu; English </i>diterjemahkan menjadi<i> inggris</i>, seharusnya<i> Inggris</i>; </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">elemetary, secondary, and tertiary levels</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">yang diterjemahkan menjadi<i> </i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">elemetary, sekunder dan tersier tingkat</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">seharusnya<i> sekolah dasar, sekolah menengah pertama, dan sekolah menengah atas;</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">language testing, curriculum and materials devolepment</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diterjemahkan menjadi<i> </i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bahasa pengujian, kurikulum dan bahan devolepment</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, seharusnya </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tes bahasa, pengembangan kurikulum dan pembuatan materi ajar</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">; </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">in teaching</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> diterjemahkan menjadi </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dalam mengajar</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, seharusnya </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam pengajaran</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">; </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">as well as research on different aspects of second language learning</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> diterjemahkan <i>menjadi </i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">guru serta penelitian pada berbagai aspek dari belajar bahasa kedua</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, seharusnya </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">begitu juga dalam hal penelitian mengenai berbagai aspek pengajaran bahasa kedua</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel 3. Hasil Penerjemahan Kalimat Ketiga dalam Buku “Methodology in Language Teaching oleh <i>B.Ing Translete </i>dan <i>Google Translete</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 595px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">No<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teks Asli<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil Terj</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bing <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil Terj</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Google<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The issues that form the focus of attention in TESOL around the word reflect the context in which english is taught and used. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Isu-isu yang membentuk fokus perhatian di TESOL sekitar kata mencerminkan konteks di mana bahasa Inggris adalah diajarkan dan digunakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Isu-isu yang membentuk fokus perhatian dalam TESOL sekitar kata mencerminkan konteks di mana bahasa Inggris diajarkan dan digunakan.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bedasarkan tabel </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">di atas, kalimat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ketiga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> hasil </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penerjemahan </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bing </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Translete</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">terdapat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">satu kesalahan berbahasa dalam tataran sintaksis. Kalimat </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">reflect the context</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">in which english is taught and used </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">diterjemahkan menjadi </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">di mana bahasa Inggris adalah diajarkan dan digunakan </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">seharusnya </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">merefleksikan konteks bahasa Inggris diajarkan dan digunakan</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Begitu juga hasil terjemah dari <i>Google Translete.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel 4. Hasil Penerjemahan Kalimat Keempat dalam Buku “Methodology in Language Teaching oleh <i>B.Ing Translete </i>dan <i>Google Translete<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 0.5in; width: 555px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.1pt;" valign="top" width="35"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teks Asli<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil Terj</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. </span></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bing</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil Terj</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. <i>Google</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.1pt;" valign="top" width="35"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">English in different parts of the world where it is not a native language many have the status of either a “second” or a “foreign” language.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Inggris</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> di berbagai belahan dunia di mana itu bukanlah bahasa banyak memiliki status "kedua" atau bahasa "asing".</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Inggris di berbagai belahan dunia yang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> bukan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">berstatus sebagai </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bahasa ibu, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ahasa Inggris mungkin berstatus sebagai bahasa ‘kedua’ atau ‘asing’</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bedasarkan tabel </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">di atas, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hasil penerjemahan </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bing </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Translete</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pada</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kalimat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keempat terdapat dua kesalahan. <i>English </i>diterjemahkan menjadi <i>Inggris</i>, seharusnya <i>bahasa Inggris</i>. Kalimat w</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">here </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">it is not a native language many have the status of either a “second” or a “foreign” languag</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> diterjemahkan menjadi </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">di mana itu bukanlah bahasa banyak memiliki status "kedua" atau bahasa "asing" </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">seharusnya </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">yang </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> bukan </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">berstatus sebagai </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bahasa ibu, </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ahasa Inggris mungkin berstatus sebagai bahasa ‘kedua’ atau ‘asing’</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sedangkan hasil<i> </i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penerjemahan <i>Google</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Translete</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pada</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kalimat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keempat terdapat kalimat terakhir.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel 5. Hasil Penerjemahan Kalimat Kelima dalam Buku “Methodology in Language Teaching oleh <i>B.Ing Translete </i>dan <i>Google Translete<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 595px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teks Asli<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil Terj</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil Terj</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Google</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">In the former case, it is a language that is widely used in society and learners need to aquire english in order to survive in society at large.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dalam kasus yang pertama, itu adalah bahasa yang digunakan dalam masyarakat dan pelajar perlu untuk mendapatkannya ingris untuk bertahan hidup di masyarakat pada umumnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dalam kasus pertama, itu adalah bahasa yang banyak digunakan dalam masyarakat dan peserta didik perlu mendapatkan Inggris agar dapat bertahan hidup dalam masyarakat pada umumnya.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam tabel 5, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hasil penerjemahan </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bing </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Translete</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pada</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kalimat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kelima terdapat kesalahan pada wacana. Kalimat <i>In the former case, it is a language that is widely used in society and learners need to aquire english in order to survive in society at large </i>diterjemahkan menjadi </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dalam kasus yang pertama, itu adalah bahasa yang digunakan dalam masyarakat dan pelajar perlu untuk mendapatkannya ingris untuk bertahan hidup di masyarakat pada umumnya, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">seharusnya </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika bahasa Inggris berstatus sebagai bahasa kedua, maka bahasa ini dipakai secara luas di masyarakat dan para pembelajar merasa perlu memperolehnya agar bisa bertahan hidup di tengah-tengah masyarakat secara leluasa. </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Begitu juga pada hasil terjemah <i>Google Translete</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel 6. Hasil Penerjemahan Kalimat Keenam dalam Buku “Methodology in Language Teaching oleh <i>B.Ing Translete </i>dan <i>Google Translete<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 618px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">No<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teks Asli<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil Terj</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. B</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ng</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.45pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil Terj</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Google<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Learners of englihs may be studying american, canadian, australian, britis, or some other variety of english.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelajar dari inggris mungkin belajar Amerika, Kanada, Australia, britis, atau varietas lain inggris.</span><span style="color: #92d050; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.45pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Peserta didik dapat belajar inggris Amerika, Kanada, Australia, britis, atau beberapa variasi lain dari inggris.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tabel 6, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hasil penerjemahan </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bing </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Translete</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pada</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kalimat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keenam terdapat kesalahan, <i>english</i> diterjemahkan menjadi <i>inggris,</i> seharusnya <i>Inggris. </i>Wacana keseluruhan </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Learners of englihs may be studying american, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">canadian<i>, australian, britis, or some other variety of english</i> diterjemahkan menjadi </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelajar dari inggris mungkin belajar Amerika, Kanada, Australia, britis, atau varietas lain inggris. </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedangkan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hasil penerjemahan <i>Google</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Translete </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">terdapat tiga kesalahan. <i>english</i> diterjemahkan menjadi <i>inggris,</i> seharusnya <i>Inggris. </i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">May </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">diterjemahkan menjadi </span><span class="longtext"><i><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dapat </span></i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">seharusnya <i> mungkin.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Simpulan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam dunia global saat ini </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nternet memainkan peran yang sangat penting, dalam membantu manusia untuk menemukan dan memberikan informasi yang diperlukan tanpa dibatasi oleh waktu dan tempat. Mesin pencari Google dan Microsoft menyediakan berbagai fasilitas, tidak hanya membantu menemukan sebuah halaman web, gambar, video, peta, namun juga menyediakan alat penerjemah yang disebut <i>Google Translate dan B.Ing Translete. </i> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari hasil analisis, kesalahan penerjemahan <i>B</i></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">i</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ng Translete</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan <i>Google translate</i> dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia ditemukan bahwa kesalahan terbanyak terjadi pada tataran morfologi, kemudian disusul kesalahan pada tataran semantik, sintaksis</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Chaer, Abdullah. 2002. <i>Pengantar Semantik Bahasa Indonesia. </i>Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ghufron, Syamsul. 1994. <i>Pengantar Ilmu Linguistik. </i>Lamongan: Unisda Pers.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/google_translate"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/google_translate</span></a> diunduh pada 23 November 2011</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Indihadi,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pateda</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mansoer. 1989. <i>Linguistik:</i></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">S</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ebuah Pengantar. </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bandung: Angkasa.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ramelan. 2001. <i>Morfologi Suatu Tinjauan Deskriptif</i>. Yogyakarta: CV. Karyono.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ramelan. 2001. <i>Sintaksis</i>. Yogyakarta: CV. Karyono.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=bing+translator&source=web&cd=11&ved=0CGoQFjAK&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBing_Translator&ei=JeTRTqL8DumdmQXTm_zXDQ&usg=AFQjCNGXFv1DYwZsdIa4NmhfbIiZ2GQMIg&sig2=Dw-wcXPK7YKiiiMnIg-Nig&cad=rja">http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=bing+translator&source=web&cd=11&ved=0CGoQFjAK&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBing_Translator&ei=JeTRTqL8DumdmQXTm_zXDQ&usg=AFQjCNGXFv1DYwZsdIa4NmhfbIiZ2GQMIg&sig2=Dw-wcXPK7YKiiiMnIg-Nig&cad=rja</a> diunduh tanggal 24 Nonember 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lampiran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teks Asli (George Richard, Methodology in Language Teaching)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The articles in this anthology offer a comperehensive picture of approaches to the teaching of english and ilustrate the complexity underlying many of the practical planning and introductional activities it involves. These activities include teaching english at elemetary, secondary, and tertiary levels, teacher training, language testing, curriculum and materials devolepment, the use of computers and other technology in teaching, as well as research on different aspects of second language learning. The issues that form the focus of attention in TESOL around the wolld reflect the context in which english is taught and used. English in different parts of the world where it is not a native language many have the status of either a “second” or a “foreign” language. In the former case, it is a language that is widely used in society and learners need to aquire englihs in order to survive in society at large. Learners of englihs may be studying american, canadian, australian, bhritis, or some other variety of englihs. They may be learning it for educational, occupational, or social purposes. They may be in a formal classroom setting or studyi ng independent ly, using a variety of media and resources the teachers of english may be native speakers of english or those for whom it is a second of foreign language. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">T</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">erjemah Google<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Artikel dalam antologi ini menawarkan gambaran comperehensive pendekatan untuk pengajaran bahasa inggris dan ilustrate kompleksitas yang mendasari banyak perencanaan praktis dan kegiatan introductional melibatkan. Kegiatan ini meliputi mengajar bahasa inggris pada tingkat elemetary, sekunder, dan tersier, pelatihan guru, bahasa pengujian, kurikulum dan bahan devolepment, penggunaan komputer dan teknologi lainnya dalam mengajar, serta penelitian tentang aspek yang berbeda dari pembelajaran bahasa kedua. Isu-isu yang membentuk fokus perhatian dalam TESOL sekitar wolld mencerminkan konteks di mana bahasa Inggris diajarkan dan digunakan. </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Inggris di berbagai belahan dunia di mana itu bukan bahasa asli banyak yang memiliki status baik "kedua" atau "asing" bahasa. <span style="background: white;">Dalam kasus pertama, itu adalah bahasa yang banyak digunakan dalam masyarakat dan peserta didik perlu mendapatkan englihs agar dapat bertahan hidup dalam masyarakat pada umumnya. Peserta didik dapat belajar englihs Amerika, Kanada, Australia, bhritis, atau beberapa variasi lain dari englihs. </span>Mereka mungkin belajar untuk pendidikan, tujuan pekerjaan, atau sosial. <span style="background: white;">Mereka mungkin di ruang kelas formal atau studyilyng independen, menggunakan berbagai media dan sumber daya guru bahasa inggris mungkin penutur asli bahasa inggris atau mereka yang merupakan bahasa asing kedua.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 297.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil Terjemah Bing </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">T</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ranslete<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Artikel dalam antologi ini menawarkan gambaran comperehensive pendekatan untuk mengajar bahasa Inggris dan ilustrate kompleksitas yang mendasari banyak perencanaan praktis dan introductional kegiatan ini melibatkan. Kegiatan ini meliputi mengajar bahasa Inggris di elemetary, sekunder dan tersier tingkat, pelatihan, bahasa pengujian, kurikulum dan bahan devolepment, penggunaan komputer dan teknologi lainnya dalam mengajar, guru serta penelitian pada berbagai aspek dari belajar bahasa kedua. Isu-isu yang membentuk fokus perhatian di TESOL sekitar wolld mencerminkan konteks di mana bahasa Inggris adalah diajarkan dan digunakan. Inggris di berbagai belahan dunia di mana itu bukanlah bahasa banyak memiliki status "kedua" atau bahasa "asing". Dalam kasus yang pertama, itu adalah bahasa yang digunakan dalam masyarakat dan pelajar perlu untuk mendapatkannya englihs untuk bertahan hidup di masyarakat pada umumnya. Pelajar dari inggris mungkin belajar Amerika, Kanada, Australia, bhritis, atau varietas lain englihs. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hasil Terjemahan Peneliti<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Artikel-artikel dalam antologi ini menawarkan wawasan pendekatan yang komprehensif mengenai pembelajaran bahasa Inggris dan mengilustrasikan kompleksitas yang melatarbelakangi sejumlah besar dari perencanaan praktis (terapan) dan aktivitas pengajaran yang dicakupnya. Aktivitas itu termasuk dalam hal pengajaran bahasa Inggris di SD/MI, SLTP, dan SLTA, pelatihan guru, tes bahasa, pengembangan kurikulum dan pembuatan materi ajar, penggunaan komputer dan technologi lain dalam pengajaran, begitu juga dalam hal penelitian mengenai berbagai aspek pengajaran bahasa kedua. Issu-issu yang menyebabkan terbentuknya fokus perhatian dalam TESOL di seluruh dunia merefleksikan konteks bahasa Inggris diajarkan dan digunakan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bahasa Inggris di berbagai belahan dunia yang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> bukan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">berstatus sebagai </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bahasa ibu, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ahasa Inggris mungkin berstatus sebagai bahasa ‘kedua’ atau ‘asing’. Ketika bahasa Inggris berstatus sebagai bahasa kedua, maka bahasa ini dipakai secara luas di masyarakat dan para pembelajar merasa perlu memperolehnya agar bisa bertahan hidup di tengah-tengah masyarakat secara leluasa. Para pembelajar bahasa Inggris mungkin mempelajari bahasa Inggris ala Amerika, Kanada, Austrlia, Inggris, atau ala yang lain-lain yang jumlahnya banyak sekali. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
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</div>joko yuliantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08638273371106212371noreply@blogger.com2